Aim. To identify potentials and address challenges in the development of the stipulations of Presidential Decree “On the Approval of the Fundamentals of the State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values”, aimed at creating a comprehensive ideological system for the citizens of Russia.

Methodology. The research relies on the methodology of axiological and civilizational approaches, focusing on the category of “traditional Russian spiritual and moral values”. The axiological approach methodology in shaping state policies was applied to the analysis of policies aimed at preserving and strengthening traditional Russian spiritual and moral values.

Results. General principles and approaches for forming a relevant ideological system based on traditional Russian spiritual and moral values were formulated, including the following: approaches to interpreting traditional values; identification of potential misconceptions in their conceptual clarification; revelation of a set of anti-values; proposals for criteria to establish a new worldview; formulation of the key questions for the future ideological system; recommendation of actions to achieve the objectives set within the framework of state policy.

Research implications. The research findings are intended for practical use in implementing the provisions of Decree no. 809 in educational and upbringing activities, as well as in forming the new methodology of teaching social sciences and other disciplines in Humanities.

Aim. To formulate the principles of necessary changes in the content and methodology of the national history course for school education.

Methodology. A comparison of the state historical policy in the field of education and the representation of heroes in the course of history with the realities and challenges of the current historical situation for Russia was carried out; an analysis of significant research approaches to the problems of historical education, social memory and manipulation of consciousness was conducted. The research applied such methods as historical-genetic, comparative-historical and historical-systemic.

Results. The fundamental discrepancy between the existing and the planted pantheon of national heroes in Russian historical education with the interests of Russia’s national security has been revealed. Dissonances and conflicts have been established in the set of personalities presented to the Russian schoolchildren as national heroes and role models. A fundamental conclusion is made about the need for a clear formulation of the national heroes pantheon, a clear indication of antiheroes in order to introduce certainty and form an apparent list of values into Russian young citizens’ consciousness.

Research implications. The information accumulated and appropriately interpreted in the article, its conclusions and recommendations obtained from the analysis can be used in several ways. In particular, for conducting further scientific research on topical issues of Russian education. Also, to develop and implement practical measures to change both the content and methodology of the school course of the domestic history in line with the protection of the long-term interests of Russia as an original civilizational subject in world history, to form a creative patriotic worldview among a generation of young Russians.

Aim. To review the methodology of using traditional values in teaching the discipline “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood”, analyze the practice of introducing it into the educational process and search for the most successful methods of conducting lectures and practical classes based on student questionnaires.

Methodology. The analysis of the learning outcomes of students of P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University (YarSU) is carried out. The paper uses comparative, statistical and general scientific research methods, as well as the questionnaire method.

Results. Based on the analysis of YarSU students’ survey, the most successful methods of teaching the course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood” were reviewed. The effectiveness of introducing traditional Russian values into the teaching process as a link between the course parts has also been revealed.

Research implications. Based on the practice of lecturing and conducting practical classes in the discipline “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood” in the first year of YarSU, a methodology for teaching this discipline in higher education institutions has been formulated. A methodology for conducting lectures and seminars using the concept of “traditional values” is proposed. YarSU students’ assessment of this course is analyzed.

Aim. To consider the problems, prospects and methods of strengthening the educational potential of spiritual and moral values in educational programs and teaching a spectrum of Humanities subjects at school.

Methodology. The main content of the study consists of the contents of the analysis of documents regulating the educational activities of the school. The study uses elements of content analysis. A description of the author’s personal teaching experience is also presented.

Results. Based on the results of the study, the author identified the most significant problems of using the educational potential of spiritual and moral values in educational programs and in teaching history, social studies and other Humanities subjects. Specific methodological techniques are suggested for use in the lesson in order to actualize the pedagogical significance of spiritual and moral values.

Research implications. The research materials can be used by specialists in the field of pedagogy and education and school teachers in preparation for lessons.

Aim. To establish the grounds for Russia’s civilizational choice between the East and the West, historically determined by the religious and political context.

Methodology. The research is based on historical, value-oriented, vital, normative, textual, comparative and culturological methods of analysis. The main sources are Russian chronicles and foreign written records, containing information about the history of Ancient Russia.

Results. Taking into account the research context, the facts that testify to the religious and political proximity of Russia and the Muslim East have been established.

Research implications. The results of the study initiate a discussion about the ethnic and linguistic meaning of the word “Nemtsy” (“Germans”), the semantics of which underwent transformation in Ancient Russia after the adoption of Orthodoxy.

Aim. To correct the source base of the early period in the history of the Russian Cossacks. Up until now, in scientific research on the history of the oldest period in the history of the Russian Cossacks (15th – mid-16th century), the greatest reliance has been placed on chronicle sources. They formed a basic, almost unique group of sources on the topic. This means that military lists, i.e. discharge sources, were rarely used. Their introduction to this research topic is necessary and very useful.

Methodology. The article presents a review of the oldest news about the military activities of the Russian Cossacks according to discharge sources from the beginning of their creation to the middle of Ivan IV’s reign, i. e. during the period when the mention of Cossacks is very rare and almost isolated. Later they will occur with greater frequency. This kind of sources marks the first appearance of the proper-Russian Cossacks in the military campaigns of the Muscovite Kingdom of the early 1550s, which refers to the conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates.

Results. The expansion of the source base for research on the history of the early Cossacks has been made. Important pragmatic conclusions have been drawn: first of all, at the initial stage of the Russian Cossacks’ history, a significant contingent of the Turkic Cossacks, i.e., apparently, mainly Tatar, served in the Russian army at the same time; secondly, the Cossacks appeared on the pages of the discharge sources in the early 1550s, since by this point they had turned into a significant military force.

Research implications. New, scientifically credible information that can and should be used in creating an integral picture of the early history of the Russian Cossacks of the 16th century has been gained. The results of the study represent a contribution both to the history of the Cossacks and to the history of the Russian state.

Aim. To reconstruct historical experience of organizing the activities of full–time employees and agents of foreign intelligence services in the Russian Empire based on the information contained in the orders on the search for spies received by the gendarmerie railway police in the late XIX- early XX century.

Methodology. The article analyzes previously unpublished office documents of the Moscow, Moscow-Kamyshinsky, Petrograd and Finnish gendarmerie police departments of railways, deposited in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). Chronological, systemic and problem-analytical methods were used in the study.

Results. New factual data on the organization of surveillance of persons suspected of espionage have been introduced into scientific circulation. The approaches of foreign intelligence services to the disinformation of the Russian authorities regarding the purposes of the agents’ stay on the territory of the empire are analyzed. The significant role of diplomats of the countries of the Triple Alliance in the organization of espionage in Russia during the First World War is substantiated. Research implications. Based on the search circulars of the gendarmerie railway police, the features of the secret collection of information by special services of foreign states have been revealed. The problems of countering espionage in the context of a large-scale armed conflict have been updated.

Aim. To study the financial component of the activities of Yaroslavl city self–government in 1870 – the first half of 1914, including the expenditure and received revenue parts of the city budget.

Methodology. The study of the city budget involves use of statistical research methods, compilation of comparative tables showing the ratio of certain sectors of the city income and expenditure estimates. The research is based on the study of the reports of Yaroslavl city council, office documentation, periodicals. Historical-systemic, chronological and comparative–historical methods were used in the work.

Results. The article reveals the structure of the revenue and expenditure part of the city budget, and identifies some features of Yaroslavl city government budget in comparison with the city budgets in other regions of central Russia. It is concluded that despite the deficit of the city budget, the city self-government was able to allocate significant amounts of money for social areas of their activities.

Research implications. The identification of the features of Yaroslavl city self-government budget, one of the most poorly studied regions in relation to the history of urban self-government in Russia in 1870–1917, allows us to expand the understanding of self-government in the cities of central Russia during this period. The research materials can be used in educational activities.

Aim. To determine the initial area and time boundaries of migration of Baltic dialects speakers to the territory of the Baltic region. Methodology. An analysis of paleogenetic data was carried out to identify those mitochondrial components that mark the Baltic ethnic layer of the Baltic gene pool.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the ancient Balts arrived in their historical habitats from the area of the Middle Dnieper culture, initially the Western Dvina basin. Subsequently, the Balts settled in the direction of the Neman and Vistula, instilling their language into the population of the Zhutsev (Seaside) culture.

Research implications. The latest paleogenetics data are summarized, which make it possible to determine the place of the Baltic group of dialects with the system of the Nordic macro-group of the Indo-European family and to draw systematic conclusions about the primary habitat of the carriers of the Corded Ware cultures (including the Slavs and Germans).

Aim. To continue the publication on the complete chronology of the discovery and exploration of Spanish Florida in the 16th century. This research focuses on expeditions from 1520 to 1525.

Methodology. The article utilizes archival documents, maps, and materials from scientific research available as of 2022. The research is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematic analysis.

Results. The outcome of this study is the constructed chronological history of the attempts to colonize “Spanish Florida”, based on cause-and-effect relationships between the processes occurring in the New World and the Old World between 1520 and 1525.

Research implications. The chronology of events on the discovery, development and Christianization of Florida in the XVI century is presented in such detail through causal relationships of events that took place in different parts of the world, for the first time in Russian historical science and in the post-Soviet space. This work will be of use in compiling a special course on the discovery and development of Florida.

Aim. To review the history of Austria's declaration of permanent neutrality and the political struggle around this problem. The status of permanent neutrality fully fulfills the interests of the Austrian people. Modern Austrian neutrality also contributes to the preservation of peace in the center of Europe.

Methodology. The research methodology is based on such principles as historicism, objectivity and scientific reliability, the integrated use of which made it possible to achieve the goal set in the work.

Results. It is concluded that the State Treaty and the status of permanent neutrality form a single basis for Austria's foreign policy orientation and are inextricably linked with each other. The state treaty creates an opportunity for the Republic of Austria to pursue an independent foreign policy, and neutrality determines the leading elements of state policy.

Research implications. The materials of the article can be used to analyze the concept of neutrality and its role in the foreign policy of such European states as Austria, the Vatican, Liechtenstein. The results of the study can be used in the preparation of practical classes and lecture courses in the General History of Europe and America, the foreign policy of Austria and other countries of the European Union.

Aim. To identify and compare the assessments given to the women’s issue and women’s movement in Russia by domestic researchers of the second half of the 19th century – 1917.

Metodology. The analysis of historiographical sources, represented by scientific monographs, articles, reviews and surveys, is made in accordance with the principles of historicism and objectivity. The study applies a complex analysis and treats the women’s issue and the women’s movement as unique social phenomena, covering the historical features of their origin and evolution and the system of values.

Results. The article studies positions of domestic researchers on the main issues of history of the women’s issue and women’s movement in Russia – chronology, creation and evolution, the main historiographical and discussion problems.

Research implications. The article analyzes the main viewpoints of the leading Russian researchers, which can be used in the study of the historiography of social and political life of the Russian Empire of the second half of the 19th century – 1917.

Aim. To analyze the state and nature of the state historical educational policy of the USSR and summarize the views of modern scholars-historians studying the discussions that took place in the historical and methodological community of the USSR.

Methodology. The article examines modern historiographical sources devoted to the discussions in the historical and methodological science of the USSR. When conducting the study, a comparative historical method was used, as well as methods of observation, generalization and interpretation of the results.

Results. In the course of the work, the views of modern historians on issues related to discussions in the historical and methodological science of the USSR were revealed, their similarities and differences were determined.

Research implications. The results of the study contribute to the historiographical study of the modern sources devoted to the state historical educational policy of the USSR.

Aim. To analyze the problem of revealing the image of Winston Churchill in the works of Russian historians.

Methodology. The questions devoted to the scientific analysis of the domestic historians’ views on the assessment of the role in history and personality image of the British Prime Minister are considered, a comparative characteristic of W. Churchill with other great personalities of that time, Stalin and Roosevelt, is given. Additionally, researchers’ viewpoints on the attitude of W. Churchill to communism, the USSR and intervention during the Russian Civil War are studied. The methodological basis of the study was the use of comparative-historical and historical-typological methods.

Results. Most of the works about W. Churchill, which were reviewed in the study, revealed differences in interpretations, a variety of views of domestic authors on the assessment of a political personality. The conclusions they have drawn are somewhat debatable, but present an opportunity to objectively study the image of W. Churchill in the perception of the modern historical community. Not only objective but also subjective factors that influenced his image in the domestic historiography are analyzed. The article notes that in recent years there have been positive assessments of Russian historians on the character and image of W. Churchill in the world history.

Research implications. The present work can be used by researchers to get a better understanding of W. Churchill’s image and his role in world and Russian history. The materials of the article can be used to prepare lectures, study guides and textbooks on the general history of the 20th century and the history of international relations.

Aim. To identify the features of the formation and implementation of the food sovereignty policy in the Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Methodology. The author used a retrospective analysis to establish the reasons for the integration of the concept of food sovereignty into the legal space of the Bolivia. With the help of the method of historical and logical unity, the author determined the role of social movements in the process of institutionalization of the idea of food sovereignty. The author used the method of secondary data analysis and an institutional approach to classify official documents, identify executive authorities and describe programs that contribute to the implementation of the food sovereignty policy in the country. The position of the Bolivia in the global process of production of genetically modified soybeans was recorded and characterized by the method of statistical observation and visualization.

Results. Based on the results of the study, the author concluded that the policy of food sovereignty was inconsistent, characterized by asymmetry in land ownership, disproportion in socio-economic development, financial prioritization of large agro-industrial business, monopolization of markets, export-oriented extractivism and illegal production of biotechnological cash crops.

Research implications. The author identified the key aspects of the state’s food sovereignty policy, noted its strengths and weaknesses, outlined the contours of further development.