Aim. The aim of this study is to reconstruct models of school education in the history of Russia during the 20th and 21st centuries and to conduct their comparative analysis in the context of shaping a new strategic course for the Russian Federation in the field of education.

Methodology. The primary method employed in the research is historical comparative analysis, which enabled the comparison of school education models in Russia through the lens of maximizing the educational and pedagogical potential of the Russian school system.

Results. The study identified ten historical models of the Russian school, each distinguished by its educational goals and pedagogical approaches. These models reflect the ideological transformations within Russian history. Among them, the neoclassical school model and the model of fundamental sciences exhibit the highest potential in comparative analysis.

Research implications. The findings are intended to inform the development of a strategic policy course in the field of education in the Russian Federation at the current stage.

Aim. The study aims to analyze the influence of Orthodox anthropology on the formation of Russia’s civilizational identity through the lens of educational practices from the 11th to the 21st century and to develop strategies for integrating onto-anthropological foundations into the modern educational system to address the onto-anthropological rupture caused by globalization and Westernization.

Methodology. The research employs an interdisciplinary approach, utilizing historical-philosophical reconstruction to examine the transformation of onto-anthropological foundations in Russian education from the 11th to the 21st century, based on key texts (from ancient Russian ecclesiastical books to contemporary educational standards). A civilizational-comparative analysis is applied to assess the coherence of Russian educational practices with global trends, alongside discourse analysis of institutional educational practices in historical retrospect. The method of conceptual synthesis is used to develop an integrative strategy for implementation.

Results. It is established that Orthodox anthropology, emphasizing sobornost (communal unity), self-sacrifice, and theosis (deification), serves as a constant foundation of Russian civilizational identity. Its weakening in educational practices under the influence of Westernization has led to an onto-anthropological rupture, resulting in an identity crisis and geopolitical desubjectivation. The revitalization of Orthodox anthropology in education through liturgical practices and digital formats can overcome this rupture, strengthening civilizational sovereignty.

Research implications. The theoretical significance lies in substantiating Orthodox anthropology as a systemic element of Russian civilizational identity and identifying its liturgical nature. The practical significance consists in developing recommendations for integrating onto-anthropological foundations into the educational system at all levels (preschool, school, and university) to foster a spiritual-moral foundation for personal development and to reinforce Russia’s civilizational sovereignty.

Alm. The purpose of the study is to identify the essence and content of discussions about the possibility of organizing a small zemstvo unit on the basis of an Orthodox parish in late Imperial Russia.

Methodology. The research is based on the corpus of works by a number of Russian publicists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as on materials from periodicals and the writings of local committees of the Special Meeting on the Needs of the Agricultural Industry. The formulation of the problem led to the application of an interdisciplinary approach and an appeal to the historical and legal method.

Results. The analysis allows us to conclude that the authors of the reviewed projects considered the Orthodox parish to be the most natural unit of self-government, in contrast to the parish. It was established that the proposed projects were based on the idea of uniting all parishioners, and therefore a number of projects lacked the requirement of a property qualification.

Research implications. This study is the first to examine in detail the place of an Orthodox parish in the concepts of organization of a small zemstvo unit in late Imperial Russia.

Aim. Study the nature of the mass famine that arose in 1942–1945 in the Oryol region of the RSFSR.

Methodology. A large number of documents from the regional archive, as well as local history literature on the relevant period, have been analyzed. The following research methods were used: comparative-historical, historical-genetic, historical-systemic, logical.

Results. As a result of the study, the current situation in the Oryol region of the RSFSR in the period 1942-1945 was comprehensively examined, the causes of hunger were determined, the number of victims was revealed and what measures were taken by state and local authorities to help residents of the region.

Research implications. A regional episode of the Great Patriotic War, previously poorly studied and poorly illuminated due to ideological and political reasons, has been studied in detail, the study of which will make it possible to compile a more complete picture of the life of the Oryol region during the Great Patriotic War and the consequences of this war for the civilian population. At the same time, the study allows us to refute a number of historical myths: 1) after liberation from the Nazi invaders, all difficulties ended; 2) the Soviet authorities did not help the affected population in any way, condemning him to death. These studies can be useful to local historians and everyone who studies the Great Patriotic War.

Alm. Systematic analysis of Zaki Najib Ibrahim al-Arsuzi philosophical views, who was one of the founders, ideologues and theorists of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.

Methodology. Research and Introduction of the main linguistic-philosophical theories and nationalist doctrines by Zaki Najib Ibrahim al-Arsuzi to the Russian historiography.

Results. The central theme of al-Arsuzi ideology was the assumption that the structure of the Arabic language determines how and in what way the native speaker thinks, and that it is the language that shapes the worldview of the speaker. These ideas are reflected in the Sepir&Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity: the structure of language, the system of concepts embedded in it, determines the way of cognizing the surrounding reality. Al-Arsuzi's philosophical picture of the world is aimed at finding an intuitive way of recognizing the deep, metaphysical essence of things through the Arabic language. Its formulation was mainly influenced by Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Henri Bergson.

Research implications. The theoretical aspect of the paper contributes to the development of research in the field in the national philosophy of the Arab world and the Arab intellectual tradition of the Modern Age. In a practical perspective, the study contributes to the analysis of the ideological basis of Arab nationalism, which is essential for a better understanding of the cultural and ideological foundations of Regional Politics.

Aim. Identification of the foundations of the ideas of the US leadership about the place of the Lend-Lease Agreement in the system of the world order created by the United States, from 1823 to 1941

Methodology. A brief analysis of US foreign policy doctrines in the 19th – first half of the 20th century. and an analysis of the points in the Lend-Lease Agreement, which proceed from the doctrinal foreign policy attitudes of the United States. The key method of the study is the reinterpretation of published diplomatic historical sources.

Results. The main conclusion of the scientific article is the doctrine of American centrism, US leadership at least three times passes the "red thread" in the Lend-Lease Agreement, it is an important part of the Lend-Lease ideology, and does not imply equal relations between the United States and the USSR.

Research implications. The prospects for the study are seen in the continuation of the analysis of the Yalta-Potsdam agreements in the light of the findings on Lend-Lease presented in this scientific article. It is assumed that an attempt to impose equal agreements on the United States in Yalta and Potsdam led to the rejection of the very spirit of Yalta and Potsdam.

Aim. To reveal the information capabilities of a set of documents on the work in the village of students of the Leningrad Polytechnic school of Communications named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky in the context of the problems of socialist restructuring of the village in the first post-revolutionary decade.

Methodology. The procedures of classification, systematization, structural analysis and scientific description of an array of archival documents are carried out.

Results. The source characteristics of the materials are given. The specific composition of documents related to the work of students among peasants is considered. Their formal originality and specific features of the content are revealed. The possibilities of using these sources to study the life, economic structure and mentality of the peasantry, the problems of implementing the rural modernization program during the NEP period, as well as the participation of Soviet students in this process were discussed.

Research implications. The documents make it possible to identify the main tasks assigned by the party and the government to persons sent to rural areas, to understand their role in ensuring communication between the Soviet state and the countryside and in implementing relevant political and economic guidelines.

 Aim. Historiographic analysis of scientific literature on the problems of periodization and features of 
domestic historiography of the Afghan war of 1979–1989.
 Methodology. The publications devoted to the participation of a limited contingent of Soviet troops 
in the war in Afghanistan in 1979-1989 were studied. The study is based on the principles of histori
cism and scientific objectivity. The main methods of historiographic analysis were applied: histori
cal-genetic, comparative-historical, typological, historical-systemic.
 Results. Based on the study of the historiography of the Afghan war of 1979–1989, three main pe
riods were identified: Soviet, post-Soviet (1990s) and modern (2000s to the present day). The key 
features of each are described.
 Research implications. The problems of the historiography of the participation of a limited contin
gent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan in 1979–1989 have been studied, systematization has been 
carried out, periods have been identified, and key features of each of them have been revealed. The 
results of the analysis can be used in the development of teaching aids and monographs on the latest 
Russian history.

Aim. The purpose of this article is to analyze and study the fight against international terrorism, as well as the relationship between the emergence, spread of radical movements and international terrorism.

Methodology. The analysis is based on a comparative analysis of the features of the functioning of radical currents, their relationship with international terrorism and the USA. As well as modern methods of combating international terrorism. The research methods are analysis of the influence of the USA on the spread of terrorism, a combination of such methods as historical, logical and generalization of information. The article analyzes the influence of the US and radical terrorist organizations on destabilizing the situation in the world, especially in those regions where there are raw materials necessary for the US.

Results. Links have been identified with US activities to interfere in the internal affairs of states possessing rich natural resources. During the study, it was established that radical organizations are created by US special services to incite hatred within countries and radicalize the population. It has been established that the most productive method of combating international terrorism is to prevent conditions for its development and spread.

Research implications. The analytical article can be used for preparation of classes, writing monographs and textbooks on political science, international relations, international security, geopolitics.

Aim. Analysis of the continuity of the American strategic culture in the national security strategies of the United States.

Methodology. The specifics of the research led to the application of content and discourse analysis of this series of strategic documents.

Results. The analysis of the continuity of national security strategies has shown that the doctrinal expression of the national strategic culture is at the forefront of American foreign policy, regardless of the party affiliation of the administrations and presidents of the United States.

Research implications. Elements of the US strategic culture are systematized. The use of content and discourse analysis is proposed to identify the repeatability of the rhetoric of American strategic planning documents. The results obtained are applicable to forecasting the US foreign policy course.