Aim. To develop scientific and methodological recommendations for rethinking the history of World War II and the Great Patriotic War based on the methodology of the civilizational approach in the prospect of compiling new textbooks on the history of Russia.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was the civilizational approach in understanding social development, in accordance with which recommendations were proposed for disclosing the history of World War II and the Great Patriotic War.

Results. In the course of the study, significant discrepancies were discovered between the approach- es that dominated historiography and educational process in covering the history of World War II and the Great Patriotic War with the basic provisions of the theory of civilizations. The transition to the position of the civilizational approach determines the rethinking of the Great Patriotic War as a war of civilizations, in which the Russian civilization and the civilization of Europe, effectively united by Germany, clashed.

Research implications. The results of the study are aimed at their use in the educational process, as well as development of new approaches to teaching history.

Aim. To explore the applicability of psychoanalytic concepts (specifically, the unconscious, the Oedi- pus complex, and Felix Guattari’s model) to the analysis of civilizations, ethnosociology, and the construction of a model for Western studies, utilizing them as tools for comparative analysis and clarifying complex correspondences between different cultures.
Methodology. The analysis is focused on psychoanalytic topics, specifically the concept of the un- conscious (Id) and its application to understanding the civilizational unconscious and comparative analysis of different civilizations through the prism of the proposed model. The Oedipal model of cultural genesis will be applied to the analysis of historical and political processes, such as the col- lapse of empires, the formation of nation-states, and the shifts in political systems.
Results. It is hypothesized that the application of psychoanalytic concepts will reveal the deep un- conscious structures that shape civilizations and their interrelationships.
Research implications. The proposed approach can expand the tools for the study of civilizations, enriching Western studies by offering new interpretive models. The practical significance lies in the possibility of a deeper understanding of contemporary geopolitical processes through the lens of the unconscious structures embedded in the historical development of civilizations.

Aim. To study the semantic content of the concepts of "ideology" and “propaganda", the issues of their development and evolution in various historical eras.
Methodology. The authors examined the relationship between the concepts of “ideology” and “val- ues”, “propaganda” and “education”, studied the features of the use of these terms in the modern Russian political language. The principles of objectivity, scholarship and historicism were applied.
Results. The article analyzes in detail the legal and political meaning of the content of Art. 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It was concluded that there is an ideological dominant in Russian society, based on a nationwide worldview consensus on the most important and significant issues of the country’s development. According to the authors, the terms “ideology” and “values”, “propaganda” and “enlightenment” reflect various aspects of inherently close social-political phe- nomena and are not antagonistic. At the same time, in terms of the effectiveness of the transfer of social practices, the use of the concepts of “ideology” and “propaganda” has advantages over other terminological options.
Research implications. The results obtained are applicable to the implementation of activities in the field of patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation.

Aim. To study the features of the reflection of the concept of “Russia – a state-civilization” in school history textbooks, its transformation in different historical periods and the ideological attitudes that determined the formation of the concept.
Methodology. The research is based on materials from a comparative historiographical analysis of school textbooks on the history of the Fatherland from the mid-19th century to the present.
Results. The features of the formation of the concept of “Russia – a state-civilization” and its transformation in school textbooks over the past half century are revealed. The analyzed concept has appeared on the pages of scientific literature quite recently, however, it has a long history of formation which is shown in this research.
Research implications. The research materials can be used by specialists in the field of Russian historiography, school teachers in preparing for lessons, as well as authors of textbooks on the history of the Fatherland.

Aim. To substantiate the importance of ethnocultural heritage for the formation of Russian civilisational identity and to identify the threats associated with the artificial construction of identity in the context of globalization and politicization of ethnicity.
Methodology. The present study analysed normative acts (Federal Law no. 402-FZ, Presidential Decrees no. 809, 314, 702) with a view to identifying the approach to ethnic identity presented in them. 
The analysis of the documents revealed a preponderant essentialist approach, emphasising the sta- bility and continuity of cultural forms. Furthermore, a comparative study of theoretical approaches (essentialism, constructivism, and instrumentalism) and comparative analysis of works devoted to the problem of identity was conducted, resulting in the identification and elucidation of the connection between ethnic and Russian civilisational identity.
Results. The findings of the study suggest that the Russian legal framework is predicated on an es- sentialist understanding of ethnicity, emphasising the stability of cultural forms. The study identifies the risks of constructivism and instrumentalism, which can lead to the erosion of traditional values. 
The study substantiates the role of ethnocultural heritage in serving as a tool for the preservation of civilizational identity.
Research implications. The theoretical significance lies in systematizing approaches to studying identity. The practical significance involves proposing measures to integrate traditional values into educational programs and support local cultural initiatives to strengthen interethnic harmony.

Aim. To examine the features of the civilizational approach in the philosophical-political discourse of the PRC within the context of forming a multipolar world order. The paper aims to analyze the genealogy of this approach, which emphasizes the uniqueness of cultural models and offers an alternative to Western-style universalist concepts, as well as to identify the specifics of its Chinese interpretation. Special attention is given to the analysis of traditional philosophical foundations of cultural conceptualization in China and their contemporary political-theoretical projections. The study seeks to demonstrate how the Chinese version of the civilizational approach forms a theoretical basis for alternative models of global order amid the crisis of Western hegemony.
Metodology. The study is based on a systemic-historical approach to analyzing the civilizational approach in Chinese philosophical and political discourse. The historical-genetic method was em- ployed by researchers to identify the origins and evolution of this approach. Through discourse analysis, the semantic structures of modern concepts such as "geocivilization" and the "civilizational state" have been revealed. Historical-theoretical analysis of classical Chinese philosophical texts demonstrates their continuity in contemporary political discourse. 
Results. The study reveals that contemporary multipolarity emerges as a response to the crisis of the Western model of globalization, with the Chinese civilizational approach offering an alternative para- digm for the world order. It is established that the civilizational approach in its Chinese interpretation combines traditional philosophical concepts with modern political theories, forming a unique model of a “civilization-state”. The research demonstrates that the concepts of “geocivilization” and “civilization-state” in the PRC serve as a theoretical justification for a multipolar world order, emphasizing cultural specificity as the foundation of political sovereignty. It is proven that the Chinese version of the civilizational approach proposes a fundamentally different, non-Western model of global governance based on the recognition of cultural diversity and the rejection of universal development standards.
Research implication. The study expands the understanding of multipolar world formation by provid- ing a theoretical framework for examining the phenomenon of the “civilization-state” at the inter- section of traditional Chinese philosophy and modern political doctrines. The practical value of the research lies in offering analytical tools for interpreting the foreign policy strategies of the PRC and other non-Western centers of power, which is particularly relevant amid the transformation of the international order. The findings can be applied in developing alternative models of global governance based on the recognition of cultural diversity and civilizational specificity across different world regions.

Aim. To analyze the Russian Navy’s poorly studied or still unexplored important aspects of the socalled Archipelago expedition during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, its role and significance in solving the problem of strengthening Russia on the northern coast of the Black Sea in the second half of the XVIII century.

Methodology. To study the problem and achieve the scientific goal, a systematic approach was used, which made it possible to conduct a comprehensive and objective analysis of the problem posed by the author of the article.
Results. The main controversial issues related to the organization, course and consequences of the Archipelago Expedition during the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–1774 are considered and analyzed. 
Russian Navy’s Archipelago Expedition has proved to have played one of the most important roles in the Russo-Turkish war, hastening its end and largely ensuring the victory of Russian weapons.
Research implications. The research results presented in this article can be used to prepare a course of lectures on political, military and foreign policy history of Russia in the XVIII century.

Aim. To analyze the work of museum institutions of the Penza region in the field of protection and popularization of historical and cultural heritage monuments from the 1960s to 1980s, which was characterized by increased museum activity both in the region and in the country as a whole.
Methodology. The article examines the key areas of work of museums in identifying, studying, docu- menting, preserving and promoting historical and cultural sites; forms of interaction with state and party bodies in the development and improvement of museum business. The article analyzes the legislative and regulatory legal documents that regulated the most important areas of museum activity, the formation and development of the museum network. During the research, historical-genetic, historical-comparative and systematic methods were used, which allowed analyzing the develop- ment of forms and various methods of work of museum institutions of the Penza region in the preservation of historical and cultural monuments.
Results. Museums were assigned the role of socio-cultural centers, which carried out their cultural, educational, educational and propaganda functions in working with the population on the basis of state ideological attitudes, programs and decisions of the party, focusing on the continuity of cultural traditions and achievements of Soviet society.
Research implications. The results of the research can be used in the development of relevant sec- tions of courses on museum management and the protection of historical and cultural monuments, local history of the Penza Region, tourism development, as well as to improve the management sys- tem in museum activities for the study and preservation of the cultural heritage of the Penza region.

Aim. To study the attitude to rock music on the part of the authorities, through the prism of the Soviet press.
Methodology. Such periodicals of the 1960s – 1980s as "Muzykalnaya zhizn", "Moskovsky Komsomolets", "Rovesnik", “Smena" were studied. The following research methods were used in the work: analysis, synthesis, generalization, chronological and narrative methods.
Results. The article demonstrates the evolution of the attitude to rock culture on the part of the authorities of the Soviet Union through the prism of the domestic press, and considers the few views of researchers who have studied this issue.
Research implications. The study of the development of domestic rock culture in the 1960s–1980s deepens the understanding of the process of formation of contradictions between Soviet people and the state, which allows us to expand our understanding of the issue of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Aim. In the context of modern theoretical and methodological approaches, to analyze some aspects of the contemporary history of Russia, covering issues of a historiosophical, socio-cultural and con- crete historical nature, which reveal the essence of the Soviet state. 
Methodology. The presented materials are based on the approaches of intellectual history, which make it possible to highlight the place of the USSR in the history of the 20th century. Within the framework of this approach, the political and socio-cultural aspects of the development of the USSR are studied on the basis of a systematic and critical analysis. 
Results. The analysis of the transit of the Russian idea in the context of world processes is carried out, the directions of the socio-cultural evolution of Russia in recent history are highlighted.
Research implications. The results of the analysis can be used to form a deeper understanding of the essence of the USSR, its place and role in the history of Russia, an appeal to the historical and cultural experience of the 20th century, social practices allows us to develop a more objective attitude to the activities of the Soviet state, to learn positive methods and forms of work. The materials can also be used in teaching social and humanitarian disciplines of the basic and variable parts in the process of teaching students. 

Aim. To show that the historian G. V. Vernadsky examined all the challenges to the Muscovite state in the second half of the 14th century and revealed the feat of Dmitry Donskoy who responded to them.

Methodology. When conducting the study, a comparative historical method was used, as well as methods for generalizing and interpreting the results. When applying the comparative-historical method, both logical and structural-typological aspects were used. The comparative historical method was applied by the author of the article in the study of historical works devoted to the triangle "Moscow – Tver – Lithuania" in 1368–1375.
Results. The article shows that the historian G. V. Vernadsky analyzed all the dangers to the sovereignty of the Moscow state in the second half of the 14th century and demonstrated the military and diplomatic power of the Great Russian statesman.
Research implications. The article shows how deeply G. V. Vernadsky studied the era of Dmitry Donskoy and expands the understanding of the scale of the activities of the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich two decades before the Battle of Kulikovo.