Aim.To identify, based on factor analysis, the most important factors of the USSR's victory in the Great Patriotic War as a single mobilization system of the Soviet statehood of the pre-war and wartime.

Methodology.The key method of the study was factor analysis, carried out on the basis of the problematic decomposition of the formation of a single state administration system in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.

Results.The 13 most important systemic factors of the USSR's victory in the Great Patriotic War were identified and characterized. The formed system was rethought as a combination of factors expressing the specifics of the Soviet state system and the Russian civilizational model. A conclusion was made about the activation of victory factors under the influence of military threats since 1927 and deactivation in the post-Stalin and post-Soviet periods.

Research implications. The results of the study can be used in the formation of a strategy for increasing the factor potentials of Russia's National Security through the reactivation of the factors of the USSR's victory in the Great Patriotic War. The obtained results can be in demand in educational, upbringing and enlightening work, being updated in the context of the 80th anniversary of the Victory.

Aim.To determine the ratio of the RKKA and Wehrmacht forces as of June 22, 1941 in terms of technical equipment in terms of the main types of expensive and resource-intensive weapons.

Methodology.Statistical and comparative analyses of data on production and technical equipment of the main types of expensive and resource-intensive armaments of the Red Army and Wehrmacht for June 22, 1941 and the second half of 1941; analysis of technical specifications and memoirs for expert assessment of the quality of equipment and its competitiveness were carried out.

Results.It is concluded that the USSR was prepared for war with Germany to a sufficiently high degree. As of June 22, 1941 the Red Army was not inferior to the Wehrmacht in technical equipment in those types of armaments which were the most costly in production and required for modern warfare - in tanks, aircraft and artillery. The existing problems of the Red Army in technical equipment were the problems of a rapidly growing army, preparing for war as quickly as possible, and these problems were not catastrophic. The USSR economy was able not only to equip the army before the war, but also to compensate considerably for the losses from the first strike within half a year. Having suffered significant losses in men and equipment in the first months of the war, the Red Army showed its ability to fight with what it had and under the conditions that are formed. The Wehrmacht and the German economy could not cope with such challenges.

Research implications. The conclusions of the study can be used to continue research on the history of the USSR in the 1930s - early 1940s and to analyze the Great Patriotic War, as well as in teaching the course of Russian history.

Aim.The purpose is to study the peculiarities of representing the heroism of the Soviet people and the image of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War on the pages of school textbooks published in our country from the middle of the twentieth century to the present.

Methodology. The research is based on the materials of a comparative analysis of the image of heroes and heroism of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War on the pages of school textbooks published in our country from the middle of the twentieth century to the present.

Results.The transformations in the image of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War and the heroism of the Soviet people as a whole in school textbooks over the past half century have been revealed, and the special significance of this material for educating the younger generation in the spirit of love and devotion to the Fatherland is presented. The dependence of the content of a school textbook on the political situation and ideological attitudes of representatives of different trends in historiography is investigated.

Research implications. The research materials can be used by specialists in the field of historiography.

Aim. To form an idea of what tactical experience the compilers of such a source on the history of the Russian border service as the "Boyar's verdict on the Stanitsa and guard service" of 1571 relied on.

Methodology. A preliminary analysis of the composition of the "team of authors" of experts on the peculiarities of the border guard service, gathered by Prince M. I. Vorotynsky to compile the document, is carried out, then it is supplemented by a source analysis of the monument itself, as well as the tactical experience of Prince M. I. Vorotynsky and his assistants.

Results. It is concluded that the "Boyar verdict...", on the one hand, is based on the extensive tactical experience of people with practical knowledge of the steppe borders of Russia, on the other hand, is rigidly tied to regional forms of border defense and is not suitable for other areas of border service: in the west and in the east of the country.

Research implications. The article analyzes the source in those aspects that have so far been ignored by specialists in the military history of Russia of the 16^th–17^th centuries.

Aim.A study of the biography and main stages of scientific work of the Russian and Polish scientist R. M. Orzhentsky.

Methodology.During the writing of the article, the principles of objectivity, scientificity and historicism were applied.

Results.Based on the results of the conducted research, the main facts of the biography of the famous Russian scientist-encyclopedist R.M. Orzhentsky were clarified. The main attention in the article is paid to the Yaroslavl period of the scientist's activity. Based on the study of a wide range of historical sources and research literature, the creative heritage of R. M. Orzhentsky the lawyer is covered. At the same time, the article indicates that it was at the Demidov Law Lyceum that R. M. Orzhentsky received all-Russian recognition as a statistician, in particular, a pioneer in the field of mathematical statistics, as well as a bright representative of the psychological direction in political economy. It is separately emphasized that Orzhentsky was a remarkable teacher. At the same time R. M. Orzhentsky, as a professor at the Demidov Law Lyceum, transferred his psychological theory to the educational process.

Research implications. The results of the study can be used in higher education institutions when teaching general courses on Russian history, the history of public education in the Russian Empire, the history of the Yaroslavl region, and conducting practical classes on these academic disciplines.

Aim.Study the activity of the «Times» correspondent in St. Petersburg in 1901–1903.

Methodology. Analysis of media and archival sources.

Results.Dudley Braham, a young man with little professional experience was sent by the «Times» to Petersburg to wage a media campaign against Russian internal and foreign policy. Braham was using in his publication’s materials from Russian revolutionary papers, and revolutionary papers were using materials from the «Times». That connection was not missed by Russian police and eventually by Russian government. The decision to expel Braham was triggered by his papers about the tsar’s Manifesto of February 26, 1903, and by his contacts with the activists of the «party of passive resistance» in Finland.

Research implications. Paper demonstrates the role of fake news and media campaigns in shaping relations between Russia and Britain.

Aim. Reconstruction of the counterintelligence history of the general police in the context of its fight against German and Austrian espionage in the front-line and rear cities of the Russian Empire during the First World War.

Methodology.The focus of research interest was the documentary materials of the Omsk Historical Archive, the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian Military Historical Archive. The documents of the last of them are unique and are of particular scientific interest, since they were collected “bit by bit” in the voluminous records management of wartime counterintelligence departments, and have not previously been published. Research tools are represented by such scientific methods as: descriptive, problem-chronological, analysis and synthesis of primary sources, historical reconstruction, logical.

Results. The author reconstructed the little-known and little-episode history of the participation of the general police on the “invisible front” of the First World War. Most of its personnel were represented by those who selflessly fulfilled their professional and official duty, but there were unscrupulous officials, and sometimes even traitors. The emphasis was placed on the successful practice of cooperation between police and army counterintelligence units. The police solved diverse problems in the fight against espionage, including using the techniques of operational investigative activities. At the same time, it was concluded that counterintelligence (police) control was ineffective in identifying politically disloyal persons, and mainly those who did not have identity documents or had false documents in the city of Riga and on the island of Ezel as strategically important defense lines in Livonia and Estland.

Research implications. This article lays the theoretical foundations for further fundamental research on the history of domestic internal affairs bodies and intelligence services during wars and armed conflicts with the participation of Russia.

Aim. Analysis of oral and printed propaganda activities of the Crimean underground during the Great Patriotic War.

Methodology. The source base of the research was materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time from: funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, the municipal archive of the city of Saki, funds of the Museum of Military Glory of the «Center for the Development of Children's and Youth Creativity» of the city of Yalta, as well as the newspaper fund of the Crimean Republican Universal Scientific Library named after I. Franko. Agitation and propaganda activities included the distribution of printed materials (leaflets, newspapers, brochures), samizdat, radio propaganda, oral conversations.

Results. Conclusions were obtained on the degree of informational and moral-psychological impact of the agitation and propaganda work of the Crimean underground during the Great Patriotic War on the civilian population under Nazi occupation and on the troops of the satellites of Hitler’s Germany – Romanian and Slovak military personnel.

Research implications. The results of the study can be used to study the history of World War II and the Great Patriotic War, patriotic education, and to counteract the falsification and distortion of the events of 1941–1945, not only in the Russian Federation, but also abroad.

Alm.To provide and justify principles that determine the importance of socio, national and intellectual unity, stipulated by values and world outlook of Russian society throughout the 20^th and the early 21^st centuries, and to evaluate the impact of external and internal geopolitical factors on the idea of state unity.

Methodology.To achieve this goal the author uses the communicative method, giving the grounds for various ideas and comparing them in different situations; interdisciplinary method, involvingallied sciences in the research work; structural, functional and systemic approaches. Structural and functional approaches reveal the internal arrangement and activities of various social systems. The systemic approach allows to analyse comprehensively the studied objects and phenomena, as well as the so-called "theory of agenda control", which represents "intellectual dominance in the public space".

Results. Connection between the idea of the civil society unity and the state stable evolution is studied and proved. Solutions and directions in discussing the importance of the idea of state and social unity in society are proposed.

Research implications. No doubt that shaping ideological unity of society can ensure a stable evolution of the state. The study of this issue focuses on possible consequences of public discourse on the problem of state unity.

Aim. The study of this period is an essential part of continuing the publication of a complete chronology of the discovery and exploration of Spanish Florida in the sixteenth century. This study examines the expeditions from 1525 to 1538. For what the task is set to study in detail in chronological sequence the mutual cause-and-effect relationships between the events that took place in Europe, Asia and America, which influenced the organization of expeditions and the development of Spanish Florida.

Methodology. The article uses the materials of scientific research available to the author in various parts of Europe and America, archival documents, maps and portolans. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, detailed in previous articles.

Results.The result of this work was the organization in chronological order of the history of attempts to develop the "Spanish Florida", based on the causal relationships of the processes that took place in the New World and the Old World between 1525 and 1538.

Aim. To identify the main features of the study of the genealogy of the Romanovs by researchers in emigration in the 1930s–1980s.

Methodology. An analysis of the main emigrant works of the 1930s–1980s on the genealogy of the Romanovs was conducted.

Results. The analysis showed that the leading role in the study of the Romanov genealogy was initially played by the Novik magazine. After its decline, this issue began to be developed by individual enthusiasts and figures of the monarchist movement. The gradual decline of emigrant literature from the 1950s to the 1980s is traced. The role of the Romanovs in the study of their family in emigration is considered. It is concluded that many emigrant works are valuable only as a fact of historiography, which is associated with inaccuracies and a weak source base. This situation was determined by the difficult conditions of life in emigration.

Research implications. The first analysis of works on the genealogy of the Romanovs written during the period of emigration in Russian historiography is conducted.

Aim.To examine the legal framework that reflects the concepts of «civic consciousness» and «patriotism».

Methodology.The following documents are analyzed that form the object of the study: «The Constitution of the Russian Federation», «The Law on Education in the Russian Federation», «The Concept of Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation», the Federal Program «Patriotic Education of Citizens of the Russian Federation» and others.

Results.In modern Russia, there is a necessary legal framework that meets the challenges of our time; thus, all the conditions in which a person with civic and patriotic education should be brought up have been created.

Research implications. The data obtained can form the basis for drawing up programs of higher education disciplines (courses «Fundamentals of Russian Statehood», «History of Russia» and others). It is also possible to use them in educational and upbringing work with students.

Aim.Identification of trends in the development of historical policy in the Republic of Tatarstan. Assessment of the place and role of the heritage of Volga Bulgaria in the current discourse. Analysis of the republican historical narrative for compliance with federal stratagems.

Methodology.A deep analysis of the socio-political thought of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) in the period from the early 1990s to the present day is conducted. An important place in the work is given to the assessment of the regulatory framework of the RT, regulating historical policy and the policy of memory. The historical method is used to articulate the role and place of the Bulgar cultural heritage in the socio-political discourse of modern Tatarstan. In particular, a study of the toponymy, heraldry and traditions of the Republic of Tatarstan was conducted on the subject of the "Bulgar trace" in the cultural and everyday contour.

Results.An analysis of the rhetoric of key political figures in the republic showed a high level of loyalty of the existing political - identical to ethnic - elites to the federal center, which is manifested, among other things, through a positive assessment of the role of the Bulgar ancestors for the Tatar people. Thus, the leadership of the republic demonstrates a desire to cultivate centripetal political forces in the region. The analysis of toponymy, heraldry and ethnic holidays of the Republic of Tatarstan allowed us to identify a tendency to strengthen the Bulgar (moderate from the point of view of the federal system) historical narrative as opposed to the "Golden Horde" (imperialist). The normative and legal documents of the republican level governing historical policy have been brought into full compliance with the federal program-target and doctrinal documents. The political elites of Tatarstan managed to achieve harmony between the republican historical narrative and the position of the federal center by strengthening the position of Volga Bulgaria as the ancestor of modern Tatarstan in the socio-political discourse.

Research implications. A comprehensive approach has been formed to assessing the republican socio-political discourse for compliance of the position of the local political elite with the guidelines of the federal center. The scientific novelty of the work lies in defining the vector of socio-political thought of the Republic of Tatarstan in terms of history and analyzing the process of transformation of the historical narrative following the change in the balance of political forces at the federal level.