Aim. To identify consistent approaches to defining the concepts of “nation”, “Nazism” and “fascism” in the context of the tasks of a new ideological construction in Russia, to revise the Western conceptual apparatus in Russian political science.

Methodology. The method of contextualization, manifested in the consideration of the phenomena “nation”, “Nazism” and “fascism” in the context of the proposed socio-humanitarian paradigms and historical and cultural development of the communities that generated them.

Results. Approaches to defining the phenomena “Nazism” and “fascism” are proposed. The connection between the development of the concept of the nation-state and the history of Western civilization is shown, and the destructive consequences of its extrapolations to non-Western civilizational communities are revealed. The factors of Nazism genesis in the world have been identified.

Research implications. The results of the study can be used to formulate definitions of the phenomena “nation”, “Nazism” and “fascism” in strategic planning documents of the Russian Federation, educational activities. Approaches to identifying Nazism and blocking it at the early stages of generation are proposed.

Aim. To identify, based on demographic statistics, the share of Russians in the population structure of the “near abroad” states as a reflection of political processes within the Eurasian civilizational community (integration / disintegration).

Methodology. The source base for the study was the materials of population censuses – the Russian Empire (1897), all-Union (1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989) and national (differentiated by state). Changes in the share of Russians in the population structure of national republics correlated with Eurasian civilizational potentials and the direction of political processes.

Results. Conclusions have been drawn about the correlation of the integration potentials of the Eurasian civilization with the share of the Russian ethnic component in the national republics. The decline in the share of the Russian people in the national republics was associated with the phenomenon of demographic squeeze and the formation of a regime of ethnocracies.

Research implications. The study is focused on using its results in practical activities to formulate the policy of the Russian state in the field of national relations and in supporting compatriots abroad.

Aim. To present the results of the latest research into the problems of the Soviet stage of catch-up modernization.

Methodology. The study is based on a representative source base that allows us to identify various facets of the development of the USSR: from the genesis and transformation of the economic model to the controversial aspects of national and cultural policy, as well as to outline the hierarchy of factors that contributed to the collapse of the country. Historical-genetic and problem-chronological methods were used. The study of the USSR collapse causes was based on methods of classification and hierarchy.

Results. The study of the features of the indigenization policy as part of the national policy of the Bolsheviks, aimed at the formation of the Soviet political nation, allowed the researcher to draw a conclusion about the combination of its positive and negative consequences both for the 1920– 1930s and for the entire subsequent history of the USSR. The “Stalinist” economic model, which successfully solved the problem of a modernization breakthrough, was criticized by contemporaries and needed systemic adjustment. Based on the materials of the XVIII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the XVIII Party Conference and the XVIII Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, we can talk about the request formation for adjustment of the existing economic mechanism. Analysis on a wide source base of archival documents involved in scientific circulation for the first time made it possible to demonstrate the mechanism for solving economic problems closely related to problems of cultural development, confirming that the evacuation of industry, a number of cultural and scientific institutions to the east, including Kazakhstan, became the reason for the accelerated industrialization of the region and at the same time the basis for the emergence of new literary genres, the enrichment of theatrical art and especially the development of cinema. Analysis of the draft Program of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of 1947 allows, by identifying the unresolved problems of interaction between the individual and the state, to consider them as an important factor influencing the further development of the country. The solution to the question of the relationship between the causes of the collapse of the USSR according to their significance over the past more than 30 years is not stable. It changes both as a result of updating the source base, but more often as a consequence of the changing socio-political situation and new trends in science itself.

Research implications. The study of the genesis and evolution of the Soviet socio-economic system, problems of national and cultural policy, the hierarchy of factors of the collapse of the USSR on the principles of objectivity and historicism with the involvement of a wide range of sources deepens the understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of domestic catch-up modernization and makes an important contribution to the analysis of the relationship between factors historically significant processes.

Aim. To investigate the influence of the functioning environment in the Far Eastern region on the peculiarities of the police activity of local units of the state apparatus of the Russian Empire in the late 19^th – early 20^th century.

Methodology. Based on the analysis of archival sources, normative legal acts of the Russian Empire and scientific research of domestic police scientists, the problem of protecting public order and combating crime in the Russian Far East, the influence of regional peculiarities on the functioning of police and other state bodies, as well as local self-government bodies and law enforcement-oriented public formations is considered.

Results. It is concluded that the subjects of police activity in the Russian Far East at the end of the 19^th – beginning of the 20^th century should include not only police agencies, but also a fairly wide range of other state bodies, local self-government bodies, public formations. Without their participation, the local police would hardly be able to cope with a large number of challenges and threats that have a diverse nature and harm not only the rights and legitimate interests of individuals, public order and public security in the region, but sometimes also the national security of Russia in the Far East. This practice was a forced way out of a difficult situation and, although the local leaders understood its inferiority, circumstances did not give them another option.

Research implications. The theoretical substantiation of the regularity of the emergence of the peculiarities of police activity in the Russian Far East in the late 19^th – early 20^th century, in particular, the practice of assigning police duties to other state bodies, local self-government bodies and public formations of law enforcement orientation, is presented.

Aim.  To analyze the programmers of contemporary Russian left-wing parties and movements in terms of their attachment to the ideological concepts of Stalin and Trotsky.

Methodology. The paper analyses the political views of Stalin and Trotsky, as well as the trend of their development in contemporary politics. Based on the ideas of Stalinism/Trotskyism, a comparative analysis of the political programmers of today’s major Russian communist and socialist parties has been carried out in terms of their political positioning within the leftist paradigm, and comparison with contemporary political reality has been made.

Results. The analysis of the political programs revealed that the parties which associate themselves with Stalin adhere to a state-oriented, patriotic position, while the adherents of Trotskyism for the most part take the positions of globalism and Gauchism (from French gauchisme – leftism). In general, both concepts have gone beyond the interpretations of Marxism and have become identified with national sovereignty and independence (in the case of Stalinism) and with ultraglobalism (in the case of Trotskyism).

Research implications.  The results of this analysis can be used to study and comprehend the genesis of the leftist movement in contemporary Russia. It is advisable to use the materials presented for the teaching of political science disciplines.

Aim.  To continue writing the chronology of the discovery and development of Spanish Florida by the European states in the 16th century. This article examines the period between 1523 and 1525.

Methodology.  The article uses archival documents, maps and materials of scientific research avail -able for 2022. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency; the principle of objectivity was necessary to avoid the subjectivity of French and Spanish authors covering facts and events in completely different ways; the principle of historicism was used to understand the difference in views between the present and the past adoption of a life-style, and a systematic approach made it possible to combine disparate events in the Old and New Worlds into a logical correlation.

Results.  Related events in the history of the Old and New Worlds that affect the development of Spanish Florida have been studied. Revealing the connection between the birth of the Habsburg Empire and the onset of the “silver age of piracy” in the Atlantic and the New World. The author’s translation into Russian of the “Celler Codex” is presented to identify links between the expedition of D. Verrazano in 1524 and the destruction of the world order. The causal relationships between the organization of expeditions and the internal struggle between the local elites in the West Indies have been studied. The starting point of the “breaking” of the world order that was settled in 1494, which influenced the future development of world history, was determined.

Research   implications . In Russian historical science and in the post-Soviet space, for the first time, the chronology of related events on the discovery and development of the southeastern part of North America from 1523 to 1525 is presented in such detail, going through understanding of the causal relationships of events that took place in different parts of the world and a description of the emergence of the “silver age of piracy”, which was facilitated by the publication of the full author’s translation of the text of the “Celler Codex” in Russian. The practical significance of this work is seen in the possibility of drawing up and organizing a special course on the opening and development of the eastern part of North America and/or the development of piracy in the 16th century when studying world history in universities and high schools.

Aim. To study Syria’s foreign policy in the second half of the 1980s – 1991.

Methodology. When working on the article, the principles of objectivity, scientificity and historicism were applied. To reveal the topic of the article, problem-chronological and comparative-historical research methods were used.

Results. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the policy of Syria at the turn of the 1980s – 1990s underwent major changes compared to the previous decades. During the designated time period, Syria faced a number of problems: changes in the foreign policy of the USSR after M.S. Gorbachev came to power, the weakening of Soviet aid to Damascus, the isolation of the Assad government in the Arab world. All this entailed a noticeable weakening of Syria’s position in the Near and Middle East.

Research implications. The results of the study can be used in higher educational institutions when teaching general courses on the modern history of Asian and African countries and the history of international relations, conducting special courses and special seminars on the history of foreign policy in the Middle East.

Aim. To analyze the concept of “spontaneous orders” in substantiation of individualistic freedom by Austro-British philosopher Friedrich August von Hayek (1899–1992). Based on the material of his key political and legal writings "The Road to Serfdom”, “Constitution of Freedom”, “Law, Legislation and Freedom” and several articles, an analysis of the reasons for the philosopher’s use of individualism as a methodological setting for the study of social processes was given.

Methodology. The analysis of the concept of “spontaneous order” was carried out within the framework of content analysis and historical-system method.

Results. It is shown that there are different ideas about liberalism in political discourse, which is given the common label “neoliberalism”. The main feature of Hayek’s version of liberal ideology was the denial of universal ways of reforming the state apparatus. His analysis also contains the refusal to merge the legislative and executive powers in one administrative body of power. This thesis shows that no authority can have absolute power, as it is incapable of possessing the totality of knowledge that is in society. The article demonstrates the dependence of abstract general rights and laws on perceptions in the form of habits of individuals based on the past.

Research implications. A key feature of the concept of “spontaneous order” by F. A. Hayek in contrast to other representatives of “neoliberal discourse” has been revealed.

Aim. To study the problems of discrimination against women in modern China and find a way to solve them.

Methodology. In carrying out the research, such methods as the method of critical analysis, comparison, classification, systematization, the method of text search, logical reasoning and many others were applied.

Results. Discrimination of women and perspectives of its solution in modern China were analyzed. The main reasons and problems of women’s discrimination were revealed. The ways of solving the identified problems in modern China were outlined.

Research implications. Theoretical significance lies in the study of theoretical provisions and issues related to the problems of discrimination against women. The practical significance lies in the use of a set of methodological provisions, techniques on the study of women’s discrimination problems, as well as their application in practice.

Aim. To analyze the works of Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian and domestic researchers regarding the problems of memory policy in the Baltic republics.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency; such special historical methods as chronological method, periodization, retrospection and actualization were also used in the research.

Results. The studies by Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian authors that have not been translated into Russian have been introduced to the scientific circulation. Domestic historiography on the problems of the Baltic memory policy has been systematized.

Research implications. The material of this work can be used both in university teaching and in the practical activities of state bodies responsible for the implementation of the memory policy.