The subject of this article is to consider
Buckle`s views and the role the internal and
external laws play in the historical development of
mankind. Buckle`s peculiar approach to the historical
research based on using data and methods of other
sciences is also considered in the article. In the article
there are briefl y stated reasons that made Buckle
choose this peculiar approach to research. Marked
by the English researches mechanisms of infl uence
of laws over the world history are also considered
in the article. The author singles out the internal
laws that in Buckle`s opinion infl uence to the greater
extent upon the development of marking. The most
important laws among the other ones are the laws of
* c Козлов А.В.
mental development. It should be noted as well that
despite some weak aspects of Buckle`s conception
mentioned the work of the English historian has
the strong sides, namely: scientifi c comprehension
of history and propaganda of new methods in the
science of history.

The author defi nes the infl uence
historiographical constructions Pokrovsky on
the formation of the Soviet monokontseptsii
countrys history, convincingly demonstrates the
interdependence of the contents of school history
on the political situation in the state and ideological
government. Reveals the meaning of the fi rst Soviet
textbook Russian history in the most concise
essay as a historiographical source - books, in
eff ect having the status of the only offi cial history
textbook in 20-ies. XX century. Study of Russian
history in the most concise essay and its ratings in
the Soviet and post-Soviet historiography suggests
that attitudes towards the textbook Pokrovsky is a
litmus test historiographical change the situation
in the country. The analysis allowed the author of the
textbook for the fi rst time to rebut the very strong
tradition of historical scholarship consider Pokrovsky
as a destroyer of pre-revolutionary academic science
as a nihilist in relation to its heritage. The author
argues that long-standing criticism of Pokrovsky
and his theory of merchant capital led eventually
to an underestimation of domestic historians of the
role of trade, the merchant class in the process of
modernizing the economy of the Russian state.

In article are analysed main problems
to modern domestic historiography the most largest
Russian socialist party - a socialist-revolutionary and
Menshevik, noted problems and prospects of the
studies. They Are Shown large exploratory problems,
costing before modern domestic and foreign author
- source base, participation Menshevik and SRs in
civil to war, study biography visible fi gures party, history
of the local party organization. The Considered
refl ection to evolutions to ideologies and practical
persons Russian socialist party in works historian on
decennial event

The analysis of the periodicals proved
that they are the main source of information of the
development of people's enlightenment in Russian
Empire in the second half of the 19th - the beginning
of the 20th centuries. Several temporal (such as "The
Journal of the Ministry of People's Enlightenment",
"Education", "The Russian School", "Education Herald")
and ecclesiastical (such as "Spiritual Conversation",
"Church Register", "the Orthodox Interlocutor") issues
were studied.
The periodicals reveal the role of the
governmental agencies, the Zemstvo and the Church
in the development of the people's enlightenment,
demonstrates the activities of all the types of the
educational institutions, the debates in the society
as to what way of the development of the people's
school should have been chosen and how the turn
* c Иерусалимская С.Ю.
to general elementary education should have been
accomplished.

The article is devoted to the problem
of pre-Christian religion of eastern Slavs in VII-VIIIth
century, that is the initial period of their tribal systems
decay. The author analyses the processes of economic
diff erentiation and strengthening of princes as well
as their infl uence on religion. He marks out the rise
of so-called crisis of the paganism at that time and
considers that the spreading of the cult of princes
god and the extinction of tribal ideology were the
main factors of this process.

This article is based upon not so
well-known work by British merchant Jonas Hanway.
In his Historical Account we can fi nd the analysis
of the trade system of the three countries - Russia,
Great Britain and Iran - all united by the transit
trade of Great Britain via Russia. Hanway tries to
assess the economic level of Russia of the mid XVIII
th century: the intensity of inner and outside trade
contacts, abundance in big cities, rivers as trading
ways and points out some export goods important
for Great Britain. Iranian market is more special and
natural in goods - attractive for the British. Silk is the
main article of export and concern for them. After a
thorough consideration of the two markets Hanway
speaks of perspective ways for development of the
transit trade.

This article is dedicated to the research
of the problem of German burgers social adaptation
in Russian Empire in 2 half of XVIII - 1 half XIX cc. The
social adaptation of Bдhr Riga's burger's clan was
taken as an example. The article uncovered the key
stages of the social adaptation of the clan, gave an
analysis of the reasons of the adaptation success
and of key adaptation trends. The clan members'
transition from the merchantry to the civil service,
the nobility obtaining, clan social status changing
was regarded in this article. There were analyzed
historical, social, economic, juridical, educational
aspects of this process there. The author of the article
widely used archive funds of Russia and former USSR
republics (RGADA, CGIA Ukraine, RGIA, RGVIA and of
the number of regional archives).

The article is devoted to the
organization and social composition of Moscow
Police (MP) at the end of the 19th century. The current
paper off ers information on the offi cer corps of the
police-police offi cers, their assistants, keepers of
police houses, okolotochniy.
The data based on sources about the MPs
policemen (gorodovoy).
The general manpower level of MP, peculiarities
of employees social status, their social status and
former places of service are presented in this work.
Special attention is devoted to the number of people
who served in the guard.
All this data has allowed carrying out a
general analysis of the MPs manpower level and its
employees social status and drawing conclusions
on their career growth possibilities. Besides, the data
* c Гурьев В.И.
given in the article describes the structure of Moscow
Police, its real state during the considered period of
time, some peculiarities and drawbacks of the MPs
organization and manpower.

The article gives analysis of the
main stages, peculiarities and perspectives of the
development of the military (cadet) education in
Russia. It highlights the fact of the renewal of the
cadet traditions by Russian immigrants abroad. The
emphasis is laid on the importance of the further
usage of the unique pedagogical experience
accumulated by these military schools in the
sphere of military, patriotic, spiritual and moral
education of the modern youth.

The main directions of the activity
of public organizations, which the author classifi es
as charitable and trustee foundations, benevolent
societies in economic sphere, associations of the
fancy of culture and art, religious and educational
organizations, are analyzed in the article. The activity
of charitable and trustee foundations (the system
of care, aiding to victims, needy pupils etc.) was the
most priority. The signifi cant place is given in the
article of the activity of the societies of trusteeship
about the people soberness, especially to their work
for founding the so-called people houses according
to the type of educational clubs. The voluntary fi re
societies, the consumers' societies, agricultural and
educational associations are considered as well. All
this gives the possibility to make the conclusion
that in the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX
centuries inhabitants of the district chief towns of
the Volga region took an active part in creation and
activity of public organizations.

The article reveals the features of
producers cooperation development in the territory
of Siberian Cossack Army during the second half of
the XIXth - the beginning of the XXth century. The
main areas of cooperation and the signifi cance of
cooperative activity are analysed. The author reaches
the conclusion that the Cossacks of the Siberia
played an important role in arising and growth of
cooperative movement, which especially showed
itself in the producers cooperatives activities.

This article is about the comparative
character of Constitutionalism and Freemasonry
- one of the main currents of public conception at
the second part of XVIII - fi rst quarter of XIX century.
The author analyses similarities and diff erences of
this theories

Abstract. The position of the main liberal Russian
party of the beginning of the XX century concerning
one of Stolypins programs of modernization of Russia
is stated in the article. On the materials of publication
of CDP - the newspaper Rech- it is proved, that
agitation-and-propaganda activity of the cadets
party consisted in criticism of the most vulnerable
aspects of Stolypins reforms and formation negative
public opinion towards them. It, in the opinion of the
author of the article, has played not last role in social
aversion of Stolypins variant of the modernization of
Russia.

In this article, using anthropological
and microhistorical approaches, based on new
archival material, examines the relationship of
the political situation in the country and the
revolutionary discipline of the sailors of the Baltic
Sea. It is concluded that a new understanding of the
discipline in March - October 1917 resulted in the
confl ict with the offi cers and reduced the combat
capability of the fl eet.

Article is devoted to the problem of
fi nancing of the Soviet schools in 1920. The author
considers the mechanism of forming the system
of local budgets and their role in school material
support. The structure and process of attraction of
the off -budget assets directed on support of schools
are shown. Base of research is provided by archival
documents, which are introduced into the scientifi c
use for the fi rst time.

The article presents the uncertainties
in the Russian historiography of the problem
refl ected in the social group conscience of
the Russian peasantry, the local authorities in
conditions of relative ideological pluralism and the
weakness of the staffi ng of local councils in 1920.
At the regional archival materials of the South
Russia revealed the ratio of the peasantry to the
potential candidates to local authorities when the
preference was given to wealthy owners obviously
capable of real management of rural aff airs of
individuals and persistently ignored social class,
party and promotional and gender-proportional
approach. Farmers negative attitude to the policy
pursued by the authorities to bolshevisation local
councils. These categories of the rural population
as former, fi st (rich peasant), have not yet been
demonized by the Bolsheviks, who were forced
wide to allow for local councils in the south of
Russia the Cossacks in a context where social
outsiders village - the poor and the laborers -
not enjoyed the support of the broad masses of
peasants .

The article presents one of the
problems in Russian historiography. This problem
was devoted to the socio-economic conditions of
the rural intelligentsia in a period during the forced
collectivization was made. Based on extensive
research, mainly archival material covering regional
areas of Southern Russia, reveals the semantic
perspective the concept of village intelligentsia.
In the article showing the process of addressing
the material and fi nancial, food, culture and living
conditions of individual sections of the rural
intelligentsia. Thus, historically observed situation,
how satisfi ed vital needs of this category of the
rural population. A typical form of social response
of the rural intelligentsia on the results of the great
change in the collectivized village south of Russia. It
is emphasized that in 1930. formed and operated in
respect of the rural intelligentsia residual principle,
despite on the law regulations. Local offi cials have
been slow to address pressing issues on the welfare
of teachers, doctors, agronomists, librarians, etc.

In article on a basis of the earlier
not investigated archival materials activity of
the Political bureau and Central Committee VKP
Secretary (b) in post-war years on selection,
promotion and arrangement of supervising party,
state and military shots on the party-state posts is
analyzed. The basic stages are shown, three-level
procedure of acceptance of personnel decisions,
and also a technique of promotion and appointment
of various nominees to supervising posts reveals.

Patriotic activity of Russian Orthodox
Church in years of Great Patriotic war became a basis
for cooperation of clergy and soviet political leaders
in the international scene. This article is about history
of Russian Church in a soviet foreign policy in the
beginning of the Cold War

The article examines the
issue of interaction between theater and the
spectator. The main measures used
to attract towns people and country
people in the Lower Volga region
into the theaters after the World War
II are analyzed. The author
elucidates goals and outcomes of this
activity.

The article is devoted to the history of
Yakut consumers' co-operative society development
after Second World War. Cooperation activity for
food-supplying of the village population is shown.
Problems of the agricultural development are
considered in economy restoration and during of
the reform period. The role of the consumers' cooperative
society for the trade development and in
the providing of peasants with the various goods and
services is appreciated.

The author refers to the Soviet
socio-political journals 1960-1970s. to identify the
problems identified in the publications of women
in Soviet society and analysis of proposed solutions
to the woman question. In the 1960s. considered
necessary to achieve the final equality between the
sexes for the concept of building communism. This
was supposed to eliminate the double burden on
women in the workplace and at home. Since the
mid 1970s.fixing a new ideological concept of
developed socialism, the solution combining
work and motherhood could be seen through
government incentives.

In the article some basic directions
of the German historiography in studying of the
transformation problem of the post-Soviet political,
social and economic system are investigated. The
author of the article after analyzing the works of wellknown
German historians, political scientists and
economists concludes that taking into consideration
the crisis development of the democratic transit
process in the country the Russian presidential
elections in 1996 and 2000 have fi nished the
institutional, social and economic transformation.

The goal of this article is to
provide a definition of the concept of al-wilaya as
presented on the pages of Kitab al-Mahasin (The
Book of Merits) by Ahmad al-Barqi (d. 887 or 893
CE). Overlooked by Russian Islamicists, Kitab almahasin
offers a reevaluation of this key concept
in Shiite ideology during the early stage of its
* cМаргарян А.Г.
121 Вестник № 3
formation as well as a deeper understanding of the
history of the development of Shiite Islam in the
period after Muhammad b. al-Hasan (disappeared
after 873/874 CE), the last Shiite Imam, had gone
into occultation

The article have the description of new
years ceremonial rites of Navruz, exactly, preparation
ritual dish - sumalyak, funeral rites of ancestry,
survivals of agricultural cults are preserved by
modern uigurs of the East Turkestan. The importance
of explore Navruz in help to fi nding-out the ancient
uigurs cultural and historical contacts with peoples
of the Near East, Front, Middle and Central Asia is
accentuated.

Signifi cant interest of Modern
Historys European culture is presented by the
National Theatre in Prague, which Slavonic priorities
were personifi ed in written documents: reports
From the Czech Prague, tours placards, memoirs,
the musical autograph by Tchaikovsky - melody
* c Филатова О.И.
fragment, attributive by Miss Olga Filatova az the
introduction tune of his opera Eugene Onegin.
Czech-Russian contacts demonstrated interactions
attraction, which were realized in the ground of Slav
music culture.

Scientifi c cooperation and cultural
exchange between Germany and India are traced
back to the middle of the 20th century, however the
beginning of the 21st century became the signifi cant
period in forming a new approach to German -
Indian cooperation in science, education and culture.
These having come into force documents ("Agenda
of German-Indian cooperation in the 21st century",
2000; "Green Card for IT-specialists", 2000 - 2004;
"Initiative Aussenwissenschaftspolitik", 2009) show
us the interest both of Germany, and India not only
in developing of political, trade-economic, military
relations, but also in science, education and culture
at the beginning of the 21st century.

In article the American direction of
the Russian foreign policy in 2002-2004 in which basis
the pragmatism laid, equation and fi rm upholding
of national interests is considered. Changes of the
Russian-American attitudes (relations) are shown in
connection with terrorist attack on September, 11,
2001.

In this article author regards the crisis
of public authorities as condition of actualization
of separatism. On basis of analysis of last decades
political process, author has proved, that separatism
exhibits a tendency to increase in activity when
federal authorities are in crisis

There is a short review of the
housing commercialization in Russia and its negative
consequences for the majority are given. The features
slowing investment in housing building processes
and predicting market economy development are
described. There is the decision off ered: housing
building value and quality increasing and housing
procurability market forming.

The author regards education as an
institutional structure, which has got a lot of social
functions to carry out. In this article it is regarded as
an adoption process of knowledge and science, which
had been stored by the humanity, as mastering of
abilities and skills. The main function of education is
safeguarding of economic, social, humanitarian and
cultural progress of the society.
According to historical analysis, there is
dialectical interdependence between education and
socialization. Education plays an important role in
moulding of personality, the all-round development
of individuality and its social integration. At the same
time, socialization is closely connected with the
educational process.

The article is devoted to determination
of importance of "president hotlines" and blog in
information policy of Russia in 2000-s. Special features
of these forms of information cooperation in political
process is determined in the article. Communication
technologies development considerably infl uences
political process and makes the information
cooperation process easier and cheap. Such forms
as "president hotlines" and blog are actively using in
political process and they attract public attention.

In article the history of use of political
symbolics in clothes in connection with revolutions,
struggle of political parties and other historical
events is considered. The value of the form of clothes
as a marker (for example, sans-culottes etc.), colours
(for example, red in a revolutionary tradition), and
accessories reveals. Changes in use of various kinds
of marks of clothes in political strike are traced.
Thus, for second half of ХХ century is characteristic
transition from symbolical value of breed and colour
of clothes to its transformation into propaganda
means. It occurs to placing on clothes (more often
on T-shirts) political advertising in the form of any
prints - portraits of politicians, slogans, pre-election
slogans etc.

The author considers the actual
problems of the relationship of intellectuals and
political elite in modern Russia. The analysis of the
infl uence of the intelligentsia as a distinct group on
the transformation of contemporary Russian society.
Propose their own model of the Russian intelligentsia.
The basic cause of the political weakness of the
Russian intelligentsia.