The article is devoted to problems of the Slavs-Scandinavian attitudes in a context of genesis of the Ancient Russia. The conclusion about a key role of Scandinavians in genesis of Ancient Russia is done on the basis of Peter Sawyer's researches. In opinion of the author, the factor of the Scandinavian gain has played the important role in formation of a special way of development of Ancient Russia.

The article is devoted to terms of political attitudes of Russia and Golden Horde in Middle Ages. The idea is defended, that an overall objective of military campaigns of the Mongolian conquerors were trading ways. It is proved on the basis of anthropological data, that the center of Golden Horde long time was Southern Urals Mountains. Golden Horde hardly could keep the western boundaries by the end of XIII century because of geographical remoteness of the military-political center.

The article is focused on the origin of a very peculiar social and cultural phenomenon of the 18th century - Russian emigrants abroad. The author examines facts of non-motivated sojourn over a long period of time which was connected with education, visiting health resorts, journeys and cases when Russian people found themselves abroad by vicissitude of fate.

The paper examines the transformation
process of Adyghe culture in the 16-
20th centuries. The transformation of Adyghe
culture is shown to be a result of an exchange of
material and spiritual values and an influence
of synthesis of cultures of various civilizations.
Despite these profound processes, the Adyghe
culture managed to generate a steady periphery
of the cultural core expressed as institutes,
components and elements of culture influencing
axiological orientation of Adyghe ethnos in
conditions of globalization.

The article presents historical
and political review of the change of Russian
government policy towards the Muslim community
and clergy during the 19-20 centuries at the
example of Srednevolzhsky region. On the basis
of historical facts there reveal the problems of
relationship between the government and the
Muslim population of the studied region. The
results of the investigation may be used by students,
teachers and all those interested in history
of Simbirsk and Kazan provinces

The article deals with the functioning of the Orphan's Court in the last quarter of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century, describes the legislative base, formation principles and status of the Orphan's Court in the system of municipal administration, and gives characteristics of relationships between wards and guardians, peculiarities of financial matters in families which suffered the loss of the breadwinner. The article provides a conclusion on the efficiency of the Orphan's Court.

In article are considered attempts of improvement of a financial position of zemstvo employees and the bodies of government attitude to these initiatives.
Administrative supervision provided strict observance of authorized documents. But the societies of mutual aid were independent in their practical activities. It has allowed to create a number of the organizational forms which were the forerunner of trade-union movement.

Article is devoted the analysis of the problems connected with establishment of the real control over private sector of the Russian railways. Attraction of a wide range of sources has allowed to reproduce chronology of the kontrolno-financial actions promoting strengthening of a role of the state in regulation of relations of the property and perspective development of railway branch of the country.

At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries the agrarian crisis came to light because of the peasant's land owing reduction and also peasant's agriculture economic situation decline that ended in disorders among peasants. During the period from 1905 up to 1907 peasant's disorders came to a head under the influence of the socialist ideas and literature of the antiauthority content calling to make stand against authority. Under the circumstances the police was to stop any disorders among people and to eliminate the cause of these disorders.

The article deals with the views of the modern Russian liberalism ideologists on the problem of the relation of state and society. It is emphasized that the analysis of different aspects of the interrelation of the given institutions allowed the liberals to come to a conclusion confirming the necessity for the state and the society to constructively interact. The modern Russian liberals regarded the constructive cooperation of the state and the society as an important factor in the social progress the main criterion of which they saw in a free development of a person's creative potential.

From the very begining of the work of the III State Duma the attantion of the deputies was attract by the questions of the refreshing the military power of the empire, which was pull down by the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. The patriotic interest, which was made by the leader of the octoberists fraction A.I.Guchkov helped the Commission of the State Defence to be founded in Duma, and, also actualized the problem of choise between the modernization of army forses or rebuilding of the marines.

The activity of two academic institutions of Russian agrarian emigrants of the first postrevolutionary wave in Prague is regarded in the article. The first academic institution, Russian Institution of Agricultural Cooperation, was found in Prague based on of cooperative and agricultural policy in the middle of 1921. The second institute, the Institute of scientific researchers of Russia, was founded in May 1924. Using the archival data, the author gives special attention to the activity of Russian Institution of Agricultural Cooperation and also considers the work of the Institute of scientific researchers of Russia.

The solution of "women's problems" in 1920s was fulfilled in favour of the state, accomplishing a task of economic modernization of the country. With the aim of women's working and political mobilization, women organizations and meetings of delegates were created. Although the efforts of the Soviet regime to free a woman from doing the house-work were made, the traditional image of a woman as a mother, wife and mistress remained in daily life.

The theme urgency is caused by the coming nearer 65 anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, and also the last 70 anniversary of the conclusion of the Soviet-German nonaggression pact anti-Soviet ideological campaign sharply became more active. About an urgency also testifies and accepted in the beginning of July, 2009 Parliamentary assembly of OSCE the resolution «To reunion of the divided Europe», and the announcement on August, 23rd «in the Afternoon of memory of victims сталинизма and nazism» …
The author of given article, leaning against historic facts and documentary sources, taking into account occurrence of threats of national safety and vulnerable situations for Russia on a number of strategic directions in modern conditions, and also carried out military reform on giving of new shape to Armed forces of the Russian Federation, aspires to understand that occurred then, more 70 years ago.

This article deals with the problems of the party supervision over teaching of the social sciences in the institutes of higher education in Molotov city. The first post-war period is studied in the article. The party supervision is presented from a position of fulfillment of resolutions of the Central Committee of the all-USSR Communist Party and of the implementation of the decisions of the regional authorities by the institute's intelligentsia.

This article discusses activity of volunteer public order squad (VPOS) protection of a public order Novgorod and area on education of «the new Soviet person ». The article characterizes most is artificial created type of the person. The assessments on the analysis often forms applied by national teams and an expert of job with the population

The trade service of villagers it is industry of social sphere. In 1970-80 years in the Orenburg region trading in food and industrial goods was found in the down level. However the consumer co-operation was not succeeded to do away with interruptions on sale of the convenience goods, to remove errors in planning of funds of commodities operatively, demand of the population was poorly studied.

This article deals with the semantics of so called "two-hammered bone pins". They are found in the burials of the Pit-grave (Yamnaya) culture, the Kuban-Dniepr culture and the early Catacomb culture. These cultures are considered as a part of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian communities by the author. On the base of the dominating position of two-hammered bone decorated pin which was placed in the centre of "altar"( near the deceased in catacomb tomb in the Ciscaucasian) and was surrounded by four small pins and two rectangular bronze plates the author regards similar artefacts as a form of stylized representation of the Great Goddess- the Goddess of Revival. Such interpretation permits to confirm existence of the Great Goddess Cult in the religion of Indo-Iranians owing to these archaeological data. This fact is a new good proof in favour of conception about Indo-Iranian homeland in the Central Europe by V.A. Safronov [20].

The author reconsiders the meaning of the word Qrnt in Late Egyptian, which is usually considered to be a Semitic loanword with the sense 'foreskin'. The author shows that this word can't be a loanword from Semitic languages. Adducing new arguments the author reverts to É. Naville's and F. von Bissing's opinion who thought that the word Qrnt meant 'a sheath for phallus'. Such semantics of this word allows to ov0ercome a difficulty with the identification of Sea Peoples' tribe Akaiwasha with Achaean Greeks because Egyptian texts mention about absence of Qrnt among Akaiwasha' people. If the word Qrnt meant a foreskin, such identification could not be right because the custom of circumcision was not inherent for Indo-Europeans.

This article account of examine the main principals of fortification, tactics, defense of Crimean Scythia and the reconstruction battle campaign of Diophant' to be based on new archaeological source. To analyze some significance campaign of Diophant' for late Scythian state and to show the late Scythian's spicifity. To analyze the reasons of Scythian fortress's destruction

The article examines principles of tactics and strategy of defense of the Crimean Scythia based on a complex study of the systems defense of the late-Scythian fortifications of the fortified of the North-Western Crimea. An analysis is made of some aspects of the historical geography and of main stages of its military history.

Idealisation of patriarchal foundations, syncretism sights, utopianism, sensation messianic predestination, state personification in the person of the leader - here pillars of political leadership of Sukarno under the direction of which Indonesia became the independent state.

Communication management is a professional management of people and capitals with the help of communications. Secret intelligence services use communication management for effective activity . Information of secret service form public opinion, influence on the government, separate figures, and at times can be reasons of crisis situations . MI-6 is under the control included in the state of MFA of Great Britain. Played a leading role in activity of MI-6 is by a prime minister.

This article is an attempt to describe the distinctive features of Canadian conservatism under the Conservative governments of Brian Mulroney and Steven Harper.
The author draws attention to the modernization of the Progressive Conservative, and then the Conservative party in the period of the general elections of 1984, 2006 and 2008, as well as characterizes the conservative measures on the resolving the question of Quebec. The author also clarifies the main directions of external politics of the conservative cabinets.

During the latest period in the world it have been observed the changes at the military and political , social and economic situations .In the issue of the USSR disintegration and socialist community, and added to them the military union of the member state of the Warsaw agreement , the ideological confrontation between Russia and foreign countries have been disappeared ,also the military opposition was decreased. It was uttered, the external military danger of Russia have been already diminished . But such statements do not correspond to the realities. The military danger of Russia still continues and with appearing of certain situations it can turn to the military conflicts of different intensity.

This article is devoted to peacekeeping operation in Abkhazia (1994-2008). It disclosed the international legal base of Russia's peacekeepers stay in the zone of conflict, quantitative and qualitative composition of the population, as well as major activities of the collective peacekeeping forces.

On the features formation of the Russian multi-party system can influences not only federalism, but also development degree of municipal self-management. Moscow city combines the exclusive combination of regional and municipal approaches of control system construction.

The paper is devoted to an actual problem of energetic dialogue between Russian and European Union and exactly to juridicial problems hithin relations between Russia and European Union in terms of gas and petrol. The paper is mainly focused on international acts connecting European Union and Russia and the agreement about partnership and cooperation and Energetical charter in particular.

This article focuses on ethnocultural globalization, arouses interest and numerous disputes among the scientists. Dominate point of the modern development is the globalization of the social processes in the world. Now it is impossible to find the ethnic community which didn't try external influence from other ethnic cultures or wide social surroundings existing in other regions of the world.

The choice of a decent leader, is an essential component of the political life of the modern democratic state. Personal characteristics - the foundation of building a political leader. Therefore, to study the influence of personal factors on the political leadership necessary for a correct assessment of policy options and actions of this man.

The author considers the basic aspects of a policy of integration in Latvia and Estonia. The main attention is given measures of the government in the field of cultural, language and educational integration of Russian-speaking population of these countries in connection with their introduction into European Union.

The author considers the basic aspects of political history of Lithuania in connection with parliamentary elections by autumn of 2008. The basic attention is given studying of the mechanism and the reasons of loss by social democrats of leading positions in a political life of republic.

Article contains the teoretiko-politological analysis of modern working out of concept «the Russian diaspora» and the problems arising in treatment by this difinits.

This article provides a review of problems in promotion of social protection in Moscow, during the social transformation in early 90`s. Author gives a brief analysis of social problematic and technologies of individual support during this period.

The Islamic factor plays more and more important role in the modern world, all influences a policy, economy, and the international relations more actively, infringing on geopolitical interests of all large powers. Many political scientists consider the Muslim world as very influential force of a modern international life and one of support of the future world order.

The given article is devoted studying of the Dagestan historical composition «to History of Shirvan and Derbend» («Tarih Bab al-abvab»). This product which contains the important data on stories of Dagestan and Shirvan VIII - XI centuries (to 1075year) also results exact names and dates, is a valuable source for studying of history of that period, and, undoubtedly, is one of outstanding monuments of the Dagestan historiography of XI century.

The bishop of Kolomna and Kashira Paul is the only russian bishop, who publicly opposed the liturgical reform of patriarch Nikon and supported the incipient old-orthodox movement during the church schism in the middle of the 17th century.
The personality of Paul provoked a special interest of the old-orthodox historians for he was considered the first martyr for the «Old Belief», the symbol of the pure Christianity and the role model. Particular care of the bishop Paul was taken by the writers of the famous old-orthodox monastery on the Vyg-river (on the White Sea coast). The original literary tradition was set here in the 18th century.
The most significant writers of this literary tradition were Andrew Denisov, Simon Denisov and Ivan Philippov. They continually mentioned Pauls name in their historical works. This name was used as justification of the old-orthodox history and as a defense of the old-orthodox theology. But throughout the 18th century the bishop Paul turned from the real historical personality into the mythological folk character.
The present article is dedicated to historiography and source studies of the works of the Vyg monastery writers and to the analysis of the alteration of the bishop Pauls image.

At the end of the 19-th-the beginning of the 20-th century scores of scientific historical societies appeared in Russia. They carried out historico-archival, archaeological, ethnographical and other researches. The article is dedicated to archaeological activities of one of these societies - Vladimir Scientific Archival Committee (1898-1918).

The Article is devoted to the ideologists of "updated historism" directed to the development of I.G. Droysen's (1808-1884): the conseption of types of historical narrations is analyzed, the author of which is a great scientist Yorn Ruesen, heading a scientific center "science about culture" (The Institute for Advanced Study) in Essen, Germany, on learning actual problems of humanitarian knowledge.

The subject of this article is the figure of V.Lenin in the research of czech historian Jan Slavik (1885-1978). Jan Slavik notes that Lenin is a progressive figure in the history, the great reformer. And his dictatorship is linked from the Russian backwardness. Such an assessment of Lenin derived from the general idea of revolution as a modernizing force. The importance of Lenin for Jan Slavik lies in the fact that he spent the radical reforms that influenced all spheres of public life and modernized Russia's society.

The theme of the article is the analysis of the development of Jan Slavik's views on the Russian revolution in 1917. Compared Slavik's main works of the 5 time periods. Thus it was revealed that the aim of his works was immutable. He defined the revolution as a modernizing force. If in the early works significance of the revolution modernizing force Slavik seen in the elimination of obstacles created by the old regime, then in later works analyzed the importance of the Russian revolution in the awakening and development of civic and national consciousness of the population.