This article discusses some aspects of the foundation and development of the ancient Greek colonies - Callatis in the West Bank of Pont and Chersonese in the northern Black Sea region. The author makes a comparative analysis of the existence of the colonies during the Archaic and Hellenistic periods. The analysis core is based on the data obtained from domestic and foreign historians’ studies. Having analyzed the sources and special literature, the author concludes that these Dorian colonies, except one metropolis, passed a similar historical way.

Article is considering holmgang in germanic culture of early Middle Ages as case of private war. Ritual features of trial combat demonstrates personal attitude to war and conflict, specific rules and regulations considering preparation and actual combat. Article is based on Kormak's Saga in comparison to legal documents considering trial by combat.

This article discusses historical problems of the marriage status of women. The specifics of getting married are given, as well as husband and wife’s relationship, a wife’s family responsibilities, a husband’s position in the family, and women’s attitude to the institution of marriage and family. Marriage in the XVIIIth century Britain considered to be the most important institution, as family was the basis of the whole society. It is shown that no matter to what extent the XVIIIth century morals were loose, a woman had a subordinate position in the family. Having analysed the sources, the author shows that women more often negatively accepted their position in the family.

In the article the state of the international situation and the crises in the Middle East at the end of the XIX century and the British-Russian rapprochement are analyzed. The article analyzes in detail the trends and characteristics of the relationship of the leading European powers to address the «Eastern» issue, the author pays attention to various aspects of British policy in the Middle East, being in conflict with the interests of the Russian Empire - the other major player in the region. After analyzing the specifics of British policy in the Middle East the author draws parallels with the current state of the British foreign policy in the Middle East.

In this article the German-Yugoslavian relations during one of the difficult moments of European history, 1929-1930s, are analyzed. The world economic system passed through the Great Depression during that time and in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia the king dictatorship war established. That period clearly demonstrates Europe’s transition to the non-democratic way of evolution. Such aspects of communication as export-import of goods, joint projects, and reparations are studied.

The article describes the political history of the Inner Kazakh Horde in the first half of the 19th century. It deals with the history of the origin and formation of the horde administrative system. Special attention is paid to the particular dual position of the horde, which lay in its dependence from Orenburg and Astrakhan administration. Significant role of Khan and “nomadic bureaucracy” in the management of the region is emphasized. Particular attention is paid to the Russian authorities’ desire to restrict and eliminate Khan’s power. The studied sources indicate the formation of the Kazakhs unique administrative model, and allow to hypothesize that the Russian government in the first half of the 19th century was busy searching the optimal model of the Kazakh’s control management.

In this article the author examines the reflection of the Russian-Turkish war of 18771878 in church periodicals of the time, using materials of the newspaper "The Moscow Diocesan News". Based not only on newspaper articles and notes, but also having involved a great amount of archival sources, the author comes to the conclusion that despite some exaggerations and political partisanship, the newspaper, in general, highlighted the military events objectively.

The article describes the specific aspects of the system of training the command staff of the Workers - Peasants' Red Army (Red Army) in the pre-war years (1937 - 1941), which, like any system, had certain inherent contradictions. The author identified the main ones, as well as analyzed the strong and weak points in the provision of army units and military-educational institutions command and supervisory staff on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The author in his article based on the data of archival funds, which have only recently been introduced into the scientific circulation. Special attention is paid to the Red Army leadership’s proposals to correct deficiencies in the process of training commanders and chiefs of staff in military schools and training command personnel reserve

The article examines the period of the 50-60s, when mass housing construction in Moscow had a strong impact on the lifestyle of its residents. New comfortable apartments for housing one family led to the Muscovites’ birth rate increase, reduction of morbidity and mortality. Much attention is paid to the problem of limiting the enlargement of Moscow. The author studies the problem of so-called ''quota workers'' and the problem of the center of Moscow, which was losing its housing function. Some attention is given to the loss of the qualities of the urban environment.

The article highlights the political situation and public sentiment on the Crimean Peninsula in 1991. The historical circumstances that led to the recreation of the Crimean autonomy are described. In particular, the initiative of the regional political and cultural elite is given. The role of ethnic factor in the political process is shown: the prevailing Russian-speaking population of the Peninsula, repatriation and consolidation of the Crimean Tatars, and Ukrainian separatism.

The article analyses the main characteristics of the energy policy of People’s Republic of China (PRC). It is emphasized that the rising demand for oil, gas and their exports actualize the problem of China’s energy security. It is underlined that China is interested in enlarging the alternative routes to import oil and gas, including her state run companies in the oversees projects, thus widening the sphere of its geo economic influence and interests. In the conditions of political instability in the Middle East China is realizing its energy strategy in Africa, Arctic and through cooperation with Russia, that comes out as a reliable partner and supplier of energy resources and creates the stable ground for Chinese energy security.

An attempt is made to analyze the new network types of ensuring the legitimacy of political regimes. It has been shown that the post-democratic model does not just rely on the post-materialistic values, but is a special geopolitical area that includes political and military-political networks tied to the US imperial and messianic axiology. The simulation model is fixed in most countries of the world and is still guided by the romanticized democratic ideals of Western liberal type. Whereas regimes of ideocratic model consider such values to be a threat to teir legitimacy.

The article describes the characteristics of the main stages of the political elite formation in Kamchatka region, as well as the factors that affect the formation of political elite in the region. In the article the role of regional factors in the formation of regional political elite is denoted. Besides, the comparative analysis of the main trends in the formation of the political elite in Kamchatka region with similar processes in other regions of Russia was made. The analysis of the causes, mechanisms of development and consequences of intra elite conflict on the territory of Kamchatka during the study period was made. The analysis of the outcomes of the regional elections from 1990 to 2012 is given.

This article deals with the study of the essence one of the principles of law-based state, namely the principle of mutual responsibility between the government and the citizens. The author describes the models of interrelations between the state and its citizens. The analysis of the main obstacles in obtaining the optimal balance between the interests of citizens and the government in the Russian Federation is made. In conclusion the author highlights the fact that building a true law-based state in Russia is possible only if this principle is implemented.

The article provides the definition and characteristics of the environmental movement, analyzes the problems of formation and development of the environmental movement in Russia. The author explores the reasons of politicization of environmental activities, analyzes the problems and prospects of the modern environmental movement. The article shows the features of the modern environmental movement in Russia, its party structuring and political status, the role in civil society formation, the estimation of the Russian ecologists’ activities.

The article deals with the predominance of symbolical violence theme in the political programs of modern Russian monarchic associations. Using the methodological apparatus of the rational choice theory and of the public choice theory, the phenomenon of symbolical violence in monarchic programs is defined as the rational instrument of designing social norms, and the principle of soft force. This principle is at the turn of political interests and values, thus having the integrating effect in the course of actions of the monarchic political actors. Thereby it influence the consciousness of certain people and different social groups.

The article deals with the process of formation of organizational structure and programs of radically oriented national patriotic parties in Russia, so as the reasons of decrease of their popularity and the social base in the 2000ths. The specifics of political and ideological activity of "The Russian National Unity" and "The National Bolshevik Party" have been revealed as striking examples of national and radical organizations. The article states that the emergence and evolution of those radical national patriotic parties was a kind of response to liberal and market radicalism of the 1990th Russian reformers.

The article deals with the evolution of the views of one of the Slavophile movement leaders, A.I. Koshelev, the famous public figure of his time, publicist and philanthropist. On the basis of Koshelev’s memoirs and his writings the process of his outlook formation and development is shown: who and at what extent influenced this process, in what way the events of private life and reforms in the country transformed his worldview, in what way A.I. Koshelev’s outlook was reflected in his public and political activities. The importance of Koshelev’s personality and his ideas for the Russia of the 19th century is defined in the article.

The article presents opinions on L. Ranke expressed by the representatives of new intellectual history. The discussions concerning the German historian prove to have a common aim - to underline the distinctive features of new historiography in the sphere of the researches on the history of historical science. While comparing the opinions, the American historians appeared to have a prejudiced attitude which is connected with their negative treatment of the period when Ranke’s school in the USA had a dogmatic importance for the academic community. Constructive assessment of the European specialists direct the development of historiography to the succession of ideas and taking into consideration “a kernel of good sense” from the works of the historians of the previous periods. It is stated that most of the ideas expressed have a more unscientific character than those of Ranke.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the opinions of C. Bekker, Ch. Lincoln, A. Simons, D. Smith and A. Seligman. Their theory-methodological and concrete-historical views on the main questions of the American and world history are discussed. The ideas the scientists used are highlighted in the article, as well as their approaches to understanding historical facts. Besides, their appraisals of the American revolutions and World War I are given. The author also mentions their influence on the historiography of the United States of America and covers some other questions. The place of these scientists is defined to be between F. Turner and Ch. Beard.

The article discusses the liberal concept of World War II. Although officially this concept was not formulated, the analysis of the beliefs, judgments, and opinions of the representatives and supporters of liberalism on a number of issues of the history of World War II suggests that there is a unified interpretation of those events, a common point of view, and the guiding philosophy for describing them. It enables to state that de facto liberal concept exists. It implies radical revision of World War II history, which is seen as a clash of liberal States with totalitarian (the latter, along with Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, includes the Soviet Union).