The article focuses on the chronology, periodization and linguistic ascription of the earliest beliefs regarding the Great Goddess (IX-VI cent. BC). The Great Goddess revealed itself both as a deity who ensured the abundance of animals in wild nature for the Eropean hunters (Sviderian culture) but as a progenitress of the first pastoralists of the Middle East (Tachunian culture, Jericho “B”). The additional function of the goddesand and formation of the calendar myth is fixed in the proto-Indo-European art of Catal Höyük. The spresd of the myth among other Nostratic languages speakers proves the existence of the Nostratic union with the proto-Indo-Europeacentre in Catal Höyük.

The article deals with the growing activity of the working organizations of El Salvador in the 1920s, as well as with the strengthening of their orderliness and fighting spirit, and intensification of the political consciousness of the workers. The leadership of the conservative trade-union center of the USA - the American Federation of Labor sought to enter the labor movement of El Salvador and other Latin American countries in the direction of Pro-American reformism, using the Pan-American Federation of Labor (PAFL) as a tool. At PAFL congresses the delegates from El Salvador openly took the anti-American and anti-imperialist position.

The author analyzes the way the leading Soviet Newspapers "Pravda" and "Izvestia" presented the events in Yugoslavia that led to the coup of March 27, 1941, the coup d’etat itself and its immediate consequences. The author compares the wording and contents of articles in different periodicals and proves them to be almost identical, suggesting that press agenda in the USSR remained under tight and persistent control. These observations are put into broader perspective by identification of similar public opinion manupulation methods employed by "The Times" newspaper rather than being a specific feature of the Soviet press. The author stresses the need for a deeper study of domestic media history and further critical review of the use of periodicals as primary sources.

The paper identifies the reasons which induced the leading Western countries and the countries of "socialist bloc" headed by the Soviet Union in the 1970's to start expanding trade and economic relations. The period mentioned is known as the times of "relaxation of tension". The efforts to establish broad cooperation in the economic sphere in that period are also scrutinized. It is emphasized that the mutual benefit from the intensification of trade and economic relations between the European Community and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (SEV) was evident. But, nevertheless, the partners and the competitors did not forget about the ideological and political components of their economic policies, in the pursuing which the West succeeded most of all.

The article deals with ideological concepts that emerged in the Moscow Principality at the end of the XIV century and futher elaborated in the XV century. The article focuses on the concept presenting the Great Principality of Vladimir as the patrimonial estate of the Moscow princes. Another important issue is the idea of Moscow as a successor of ancient centers of Russia - Vladimir and Kiev. The way the mentioned concepts are reflected in Old Russian chronicles publicistic works and diplomatic documents of Moscow princes. The conclusion contains the analysis of these conceptions role in the unification processes in the XV century.

The article is devoted to the interrelation of the intelligentsia with the Soviet government at the time of the New Economic Policy (NEP) proclamation,. The author analyzes the reasons why the representatives of the Russian intelligentsia started working with the Bolsheviks when the NEP started, despite their negative attitude to the October 1917. The factors influencing the intelligentsia representatives’ attitude to the Soviet power are also reviewed. On the basis of the intelligentsia representatives’ statements the reasons contributing to the intellectual environment to feel some hope, as well as to the transformation of the political power in the country, are identified.

The article considers the problems of a municipal way of life after the establishment of the Soviet power. The author analyzes the reasons of transition to communal flats. The administrative structures of municipal services are also considered. The methods of controlling the municipal one-apartment habitation by the authorities are studied. The "revolutionary repartition" of the living space is analyzed; major documents fixing the state ownership of the housing stock of the Soviet country are studied.

The issue of restoration and development of agriculture in post-war Crimea turned out to be closely connected in political sense with the causes of excluding it from the RSFSR and including it in the Ukranian Republic in 1954. There are two historiographic concepts in assessing the state of agriculture on the peninsula: positive development and depressive agrarian economy. On the basis of the analysis of the statistical and other kinds of data it is concluded that: in the whole the Crimean agriculture was developing rather dynamically and in many aspects exceeded the pre-war parametres, despite the war damage and the 1944 deportation of the Crimean Tartars. The rate of economic growth and the tendencies of development are used by the author of the article as a criterion for assessing the state of the economy.

This article is devoted to the history of finding by the Spanish chroniclers the texts of Saint Eulogius, one of the leaders and the main apologist of the ninth-century Cordoban martyrs. The author analyzes the process of studying his manuscripts, and their publication, as well as including the story of voluntary martyrs into the first historical works on the general history of Spain. The author has come to the conclusion that the martyrs of Cordoba have occupied a very important place in the historical tradition of the Spaniards and since the era of Philip II they have become one of the canonical subjects of national history.

This article deals with the problem of the biographical method in history developed in the works of the XIX century Scottish philosopher Thomas Carlyle (1795 - 1881). The connection of the biographical method with the problem of the role of a «great man» in history is also analyzed. The aim of this article is to analyze Carlyle’s works, published in the period of 18311865 and affecting the problem of the role of «heroes» in history. It is concluded that Carlyle’s views on a «great man»’s role in history evolved from the interest to the biography of a man in general to the identification of a particular historical event with the «hero»’s activities.

The article raises the question of the body of sources on the history of the RSDLP. Although the history of the party has been studied for more than a century, the researchers’ views on this issue are still poorly connected with the developments of domestic school of source study. They mainly clarify the characteristics of the building of the party sources, while their classifications base on the criteria of “class” and factional belonging, as well as on the contrasting of the published documents with the unpublished ones. The author offers to study the sources of the history of the RSDLP on the principles, developed by academician I.D. Kovalchenko.

As the process of centralization of the country in the 2000s was not completed and loyalty of influential regional politicians in a number of the Turkic republics of the Russian Federation to the federal center was insufficient it can cause the growth of ethnoseparatism there. After the federal law abolished the institutes of regional presidency in the republics and the packet of anti-terrorist laws was accepted in July, 2016, latent supporters of pantyurkizm and sovereignization have become more active among state employees, public, scientific and religious figures of a number of the Turkic republics of Russia. The economic crisis can create conditions for the formation of parallel centers of power. Besodes, former presidents of these regions can influence social and political structures and funds there. Measures for eradication of institutional and political and ideological heritage of the era of sovereignization, as well as measures for strengthening the unity of the Russian state are proposed.

Problems of ecological safety of the modern world are taking the first place, so the study of the prospects of the environmental parties functioning and development is extremely important in Russia. The purpose of the study is to analyze the programs of the "green" parties in Germany, Austria and the United States and to identify the possibility of using their experience in Russia. In pursuing the goal the following results were obtained. The role and place of environmental parties in Western countries and in Russia were scrutinized, as well as their key importance for sustainable development of socio-economic systems in all countries of the world is stated. The representation of the environmental parties in the parliaments is also emphasized. On the example of "green" parties in Germany, Austria and the United States the study of their formation and development was performed. Specific features of their activity, as well as key program directions are presented. Recommendations related to the development and improvement of the activities of the environmental parties in Russia are given.

The article considers the issues of Eurasian integration, where the main actors are Russia and Kazakhstan, through the lens of the political socialization of the two countries’ young people. Common problems within the framework of the political socialization of the younger generation are identified. Besides, the specificity of this process in the context of modern integration processes is determined. The author suggests possible ways of expanding the Eurasian integration through the interaction of young people from different countries, as they are considered to be an active political actor. The similarity in the processes of socialization of democratic countries gives rise to unified tools which enable the young generation to participate in social and political life. This fact is confirmed in this article.

The analysis of the transatlantic political relations formed before and after the “humanitarian intervention” of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Republic of Yugoslavia is carried out. The aggravating relations between the USA and their European allies in working-out and implementing the united strategy on preventing the “humanitarian catastrophe” in Kosovo, as well as in the following peacemaking actions, gave the impression of the contradictions to be deepening and even becoming insuperable. NATO’s actions on managing the crisis in Kosovo as a “hard power” had a versatile influence on strengthening of the Atlantic solidarity. Besides, it influenced the USA’s role in the Alliance in what is concerned the issues of working out the strategic decisions and implementing the practical military-political measures in Yugoslavia.