In article the problems connected with formation of the Soviet educational policy on the example of chemical faculties and chairs of universities are considered. A research objective - to study processes of reorganization of old chemical chairs (divisions) of imperial higher education institutions and creation of chemical divisions (faculties) at new Soviet universities. The author of article sees the task in an assessment of influence of policy of “military communism” on training of specialists chemists in 1918-1921. The results of the conducted research presented in article are based on the published and archival documents, on memoirs of large scientists-chemists, on practical results of activity of chemical faculties and chairs of universities in the first years of the Soviet power. The researcher comes to a conclusion that in the years of Civil war and foreign military intervention the Soviet educational policy provided reorganization old and creation of new higher education institutions. Requirements of Red army and fleet need of restoration of a national economy stimulated development of chemical faculties of universities of RSFSR.