Aim. The research uses the data of Stavropolskiy kray and Terek region to define the essence of the Soviet state policy on providing conditions necessary for social protection of children who were orphaned due to socio-economic and political turmoil at the beginning of the 20th century. Methodology. Several archival funds of the federal (The State Archive of the Russian Federation) and local (The State Archive of Stavropolskiy kray) level were analysed through logical, problem-solving and chronological and comparative-historical methods with the aim of establishing the types of social rehabilitation centres for children which helped to solve the problem of accommodation of homeless children. The main focus of the research is the critical analysis of the condition of orphanages and the position of children on the example of Stavropolskiy kray and Terek region in the 1920s. Results. The authors come to the conclusion that despite a number of serious difficulties in the work of orphanages, important positive changes were initiated and introduced. Their major effect was that many orphans were able to find shelter then received education and obtained work skills. Research implications. The research introduces the main types of institutions for children and their practical activities in Stavropolsky kray and Terek region. Besides, due to the study of the archives, attention is paid to the peculiarities of their activities in the named area and to the social position of their wards. The article is of interest to a vast array of scientists, interested in social history.